The Fame of Coco Chanel - 629 Words

In the roaring 1920’s, women were in corsets, that restricted many women to not eat nor breathe. That’s when Coco Chanel change everything for women, that made her career in the fashion industry go through the roof. Before Coco became an icon in the fashion industry, she was put in an orphanage ever since her dad had left her sister and her. Coco was then raised by nuns, which is where she was taught to sew, a skill will help her to fame. Though her name wasn’t always Coco, her birth name was Gabrielle Chanel. Her nickname came from her first job as a singer at clubs around where she lived, that is France. It was up until her relationship with Etienne Balsan, that funded Coco’s first store. Her first store was located in Paris Cambon in 1910, where she sold hats for women. Coco later on left Etienne for one of his friends, Arthur Capel, that was wealthier than him. Arthur also help start up Coco’s fashion career. It wasn’t till Coco was seen wearing her husbands jersey that made her a fashion icon. Since then her career has been lucrative. Chanel introduced men clothing to women, she designed suits without collars and fitted shirts that made her an instant fashion icon. Coco Chanel’s clothing accentuated comfort to women in the 1920’s. After her death Coco Chanel has left popular fashion industry, she was important in the 1920’s that changed how women dressed. Coco Chanel was influential in the roaring 1920’s because she introduced men clothing into the women fashion. CocoShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Empty Closet885 Words   |  4 Pageswill not solicit the mood for romance. If a touch of flirtatious personality is added, the person may end up with a replica of Coco Chanel’s â€Å"†¦little black dress, which seemed, at first glance, artless, rustic grab and impersonal. This decisive step brought the 44-year designer worldwide fame and made her finding a symbol of elega nce, luxury, and good taste,† (â€Å"Coco Chanel Biography† par. 20). Thus, event and the individual’s flirtatious personality are a match and the message and mood are clearlyRead MoreThe Making of Coco Chanel508 Words   |  2 PagesCoco Chanel was born on the 19th of August in 1883 in Sammur, France her parents giving her the name Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. When Coco was around 12 her mother passed away this provoked her father to abandoned her and her 5 siblings, she and her sisters were sent to a convent for abandoned girls and her brothers were sent to work. The time she spent in the convent was a dark time therefor she didn’t like to speak of but she reflected in some of her pieces as she used the tones and shapes fromRead MoreFashion, Fashion And Luxury Company1542 Words   |  7 Pagesin technology. Chanel is an established beauty, fashion and luxury company headquartered in France. The brand was founded by Coco Chanel who was famous for revoluti onizing ladies’ fashion as well as introducing timeless elegance and style. The strength of the brand also lies in Karl Lagerfeld, a cult designer, who never fails to interest the management team and consumers in promoting and preserving the brand image and attuned to the needs and market trends of the consumer. Chanel brand will continueRead MoreMarketing essay on Chanel4291 Words   |  18 Pagescomplexity of Chanel business environment and its main resources. Those three models are: PESTEL, SWOT and 5 Porter’s forces. In this Report we ï ¬ nd out that in period of economic crisis, luxury was seen as unnecessary and even selï ¬ sh, Luxury Brands might have a bad reputation lately. It is extremely because of their manufactures in China or India and other countries like those, and also because of counterfeit that destroy brands image. But then if we look at the marketing power of chanel throughRead MoreMarketing Plan for Chanel N5 Perfume3426 Words   |  14 PagesExecutive Summary Chanel No.5 is one of the most popular perfume products on the market. The Chanel N5 has a constant mission to accomplish in satisfying it customers as well as the laws. It is crucial to keep a reasonable price and maintain high quality of the perfume product. Correspondingly, whenever the cost of the product decreases, it means the quality of the product lessens, and luxury product becomes ordinary. The word perfume derives from the Latin perfumare, meaning to smoke through.Read MoreReasons Why Paris Became The 21st Century Most Important Fashion City1624 Words   |  7 Pagescentury which when before Vogue had started. Vogue was founded in 1892 which was purposely to influences away liberating corsets that women worn and to inspire them to wear bias cut dresses. In 1925, during the post world war. A little Designer name Coco Chanel first came into the industry. She dominated and revolutionized French fashion industry. Following the attention of Christian Dior, Hubert de Givenchy a nd Pierre Balmain all open their fashion houses soon after. Paris Paris became the firstRead MoreThe End Of World War I Enhanced Americans1020 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance caused an uproar of newfound interest in literature, music, art, and black culture. Jazz music became popular, more black writers such as Zora Neale Hurston came to prominence, and dancers like Josephine Baker shook and shimmied their way to fame. The Prohibition movement also came to pass, which made the manufacture, sale, and drinking of alcohol illegal, though not everyone adhered to this policy. The fashion styles and dances of the 1920s significantly deviated from the previously knownRead MoreThe Success Of Louis Vuitton Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pages was such that he needed to venture into a bigger workshop outside of Paris. In 1867 Vuitton was honored a bronze decoration at the Exposition Universelle, a global composition sorted out by Napoleon and held in Paris, which further expanded the fame of his work. Amid the Franco-Prussian War, from 1870-71, Vuitton s workshop was plundered and wrecked. When the war finished he set up another workshop in a distinguished territory of focal Paris. Vuitton presented a trunk in a beige and red stripedRead MoreWhat Is Luxury?3096 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"Luxury is a necessity that begins where a necessity ends† -- Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel What is Luxury? â€Å"Luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury†. -- Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel Luxury is a term that can mean different things to different people; therefore there are multitudes of ways to describe it. It is, as a whole superfluous, based on the attainment of desires and is not considered to be a need. According to Christopher Berry luxury is â€Å"an expenditure thatRead MoreThe Opening Of The Imperial Ballet School1500 Words   |  6 PagesMassine. As the Russian Revolution is happening, funding is lost and a shift is seen. This shift moves from Russian themes to French ideas. Collaborations start happening between different artists living in Paris. Artist such as Pablo Picasso and Coco Chanel create costumes for Ballet Russes productions. Parade becomes the first cubist ballet choreographed by Massine with the help of Picasso. Different from Nijinsky and Fokine, Massine used sound and noise elements such as â€Å"†¦sounds of typewriters

Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal - 844 Words

(3) In this statement he is estimating the amount of children in Ireland, and how many would be given up for consumption. He also includes an estimated price for the charge of nursing a poor child to be about two shillings and ten for the child after it has been plumped and sold. Swift follows by describing how many servings it would fulfill as well as how many people it could nourish. By presenting this information he makes the proposal seem possible, well thought out, and easily put into action. In order to convince his audience Swift has to be credible. He mentions thinking about his plan for many years and comparing it to plans put forth by others. He shows the plan was meticulously thought through and checked for flaws before being submitted for publication. Swift (1729) states, I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and a make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust. (4) He includes references of people from America andShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal949 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift takes place in Dublin Ireland in the 18th century. The narrator is a very ironic character. His â€Å"modest† proposal is anything but modest. This short story takes place during a famine. Since there was a famine, Swift proposes the idea that people sell their one year old children to the rich so they would not be a burden to their family. One important way in which the author engages the audience’s attention and tries to help his readers see deeper politicalRead More Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal Swift was said to â€Å"declare at one stage in his life: ‘I am not of this vile country (Ireland), I am an Englishman’† (Hertford website). In his satire â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† he illustrates his dislike not only for the Irish, but for the English, organized religions, rich, greedy landlords, and people of power. It is obvious that Swift dislikes these people, but the reader must explore from where his loathing for the groups of people stems. I believe Swift notRead MoreIrony in Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthe tome is usually kept serious and Irony and satire are widely used in such writings. On the other hand while describing the recent developments in genetic engineering, the tone would be objective and humor or satire would be ineffective here. Jonathan Swift was famous for his sarcastic remarks on the government of his days and his works are full of satire and irony which appear to be humorous but carry a sharp edge which make them effective for expressing political ideas. â€Å"Irony refers eitherRead More Jonathan Swifts Essay, A Modest Proposal659 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Swifts Essay, A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift in his essay, A Modest Proposal suggests a unique solution to the problem concerning poor children in Ireland. Swift uses several analytical techniques like statistics, induction, and testimony to persuade his readers. His idea is admirable because he suggests that instead of putting money into the problem, one can make money from the problem. However, his proposal is inhumane. Swift wrote his proposal for those that were tired ofRead MoreEssay on Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal1391 Words   |  6 Pages In Jonathan Swift’s essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift proposes that the poor should eat their own starving children during a great a famine in Ireland. What would draw Swift into writing to such lengths? When times get hard in Ireland, Swift states that the children would make great meals. The key factor to Swift’s essay that the reader must see that Swift is not literally ordering the poor to cannibalize. Swift acknowledges the fact of the scarcity of food and empathizes with the struggling andRead More Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal Essay459 Words   |  2 PagesJonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† published in 1729, Swift engages in an extraordinary amount of irony and satire. Swift states that in order to reduce famine in Ireland and to solve the problems that they are having that eating children would be a good solution. This is not the purpose of Swift’s essay. The real intent was to get the people of Britain to notice that the ideas that they were coming up with were not any better than his satiricalRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal998 Words   |  4 Pagesbest way to eliminate the social issues that are influencing it.Swift starts by taunting and blaming the moms of the children by saying that if they are capable of finding work they should instead of asking for money. Swift, wrote the essay,A Modest Proposal as a sarcastic approach to show people that they are not showing any interest or even coming up with working plans to decrease these social problems, for exa mple, fetus removal, overpopulation, and poorness. Through his terribly twisted ideaRead MoreSummary Of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal918 Words   |  4 PagesIrish. One of these people was a man named Jonathan Swift. In his essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Swift challenges the status quo of the time and place in which it was written by proposing that they eat the children of the poor, ending the hate between the Protestants and the Catholics, and suggesting that the landowners have mercy towards their tenants. In his essay, Swift first suggests that the population of Ireland eat the children of the poor. This proposal would shock anyone, but it was definitelyRead MoreAnalysis of Jonathan Swifts Essay A Modest Proposal903 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swifts 1729 essay A Modest Proposal deals with societal issues contemporary to him and is meant to provide harsh criticism in regard to values promoted by society at the time. The author uses this essay with the purpose of suggesting that he found the solution to financial problems experienced by the Irish during the era. By advising these people to sell their people to wealthy individuals in England, he intends to satirize society by emphasizing the cruel attitudes generally expressedRead MoreJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal And The Daily Show1139 Words   |  5 Pagesgrievances and wait for slow and often ineffective changes to take place. However, in the eighteenth century Jonathan Swift broke societys norms through his highly disturbing and shocking satirical piece A Modest Proposal. Swift proposes to the English Protestants a cannibal solution for the Irish Catholic children who are dying of starvation and diseases on the streets each day. Swift’s far from â€Å"modest† solution paved the way for modern day satirical outlets like The Daily Show. In a time where news commentators

Early Inhabitants of Britain free essay sample

Early inhabitants of Britain: The Celts: A series of invasions began about the year 1000 B. C. And continued until the opening of the Christian era. The Celts invaded Britain and dominated the native peoples, merging with then but firmly establishing their own language and civilization. They brought to Britain a renewed interest in agriculture together with the age of iron. The last Celtic invaders were the tribes of the Belgae, who settled in south-eastern Britain. Their advanced agriculture, knowledge of arts and crafts, their military skill, their trade with the continent, their coinage and political organization under strong tribal chieftains made south-eastern Britain the best grain-producing portion of the island. The religion of the Belgae was dark and superstitious. They believed in spirits who lived in springs, rocks and sacred groves. There were priests known as Druids. They combined the functions of priests, teachers and magistrates or judges. In 55 B. C. Julius Caesar crossed the channel in the first Roman invasions of Britain. He obtained submission and a promise of tribute from the principal chieftains of south-eastern Britain. The Celts in Britain remained independent or almost another century. Roman Britain: almost a century after Caesar’s invasions, emperor Claudius dispatched a large army to make a conquest of Britain. The Romans controlled the lowland plain within five years and began at once to lay down the great military roads which radiated from London as a centre.It took the Romans longer to control the rest of the country, in particular the violent Celtic tribes in the mountainous areas. Although the Celts in Wales were eventually conquered, they were never romanized. A conquest in Scotland proved to be impossible, or at least not worth the cost. The Romans came to Britain to exploit the island, not to settle in the place of the inhabitants. Although Roman rule was efficient, it remained alien, and only temporary in its effects. The impact of Rome was far greater in the south. They encouraged urbanization.They began building four model Roman towns with public buildings, amphitheatres and baths and filled them with Roman citizens, largely retired soldiers. The governors then, encouraged Celtic princes and aristocrats to convert their tribal centers into cities, which never really flourished. Country life, on the other hand, grew in popularity since the wealthy class of Romano-Britons built houses in the country known as villas. The bulk of the population lived neither in towns nor in villas but in native villages, primitive collections of huts.They showed few indications of Romanization. During the first centuries of roman rule there was a marked increase in British commerce and industry. Romanization also introduced to Britain the atmosphere of the Mediterranean world with its Latin tongue and its new faith, Christianity. During the fourth century of Roman rule there were increasing signs that the Roman Empire was in decay and that the Roman position in Britain was in grave danger. Barbarian peoples were pressing in upon Rome. As the empire became paralyzed by political factionalism and weakened by barbarian attacks, Roman legions evacuated Britain to fight elsewhere and never returned. Finally, early in the fifth century, the Romans recalled the remaining soldiers and officials from Britain, leaving the British to defend themselves from the coming barbarians. What did the Romans leave that has had a lasting effect upon Britain? They left the roads which continued to be used for centuries and which marked out lines of communication that have not disappeared today.They left a tradition of urban life and recognition of the favorable position of London as a center for commerce and administration. They also left Christianity, which was strong enough to survive the Roman collapse. Besides this, the Romans left very little, which was almost completely destroyed by the new invaders. The Anglo-Saxons: Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who took possession of the plains, pushing the Celts to the mountains. Britain became England, the land of the Angles; from that time forward the English have been mostly of Anglo-Saxon blood.The invaders came from southern Denmark and northern Germany. They turned toward Britain because their lands were under pressure from the Huns and Avars. The Anglo-Saxons suffered a defeat at the hands of a British general; Ambrosius Aurelianus, who led the Celts to the important victory of Mount Badon. This victory is the basis of the legend of King Arthur, in which Ambrosius was made a king and his soldiers converted into Knights of the Round Table with all the glamour of medieval chivalry. The Anglo-Saxons were barbarians when they invaded Britain.Their religion was that of Norse mythology; their political organization that of the tribal king surrounded by young warriors and older counselors. The Anglo-Saxons delighted in war and were very cruel. The Anglo-Saxon warrior was not afraid of death. After the war leader and his warriors had cleaned the way, they were followed by the mass of freemen, who were farmers, and who appropriated the fields of the Celts and established the villages of medieval England. Below the freemen was a class of slaves, mostly captives in war. Lacking a tradition of national unity, the tribes set up separate kingdoms.Seven kingdoms, the heptarchy, emerged: Kent occupied by the Jutes, Essex, Sussex and Wessex settled by the Saxons, and East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria claimed by the Angles. Two themes of importance in Anglo-Saxon history are the conversion of the heathen invaders to Christianity and the movement of the kingdoms toward political unification. The church was able to construct an organization common to all England at the time when political unity was still far in the future. A united church pointed the way toward a united kingdom.Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons: Christianity came to the Anglo-Saxons in two different missions: one from the Celtic church in Ireland and Scotland, the other from the church in Rome. Although Christianity had penetrated into Ireland in Roman times, the true founder of the Irish Church was St. Patrick, who converted the heathen Irish and founded a church whose organization was Episcopal (governed by bishops). After St. Patrick’s death his organization disappeared and the church in Ireland was controlled by monasteries. The Irish church, separated from Rome by the barbarian invasions was very different from the Roman church.An Irish monk, Saint Columba, brought the faith to western Scotland in the 6th century and missionaries from the monastery he founded on the island of Iona were to help to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England. A group of missionaries from Rome arrived in Kent. They had been sent by Pope Gregory the Great, who had entrusted the mission to Augustine, a Benedictine monk. He was kindly received by the king of Kent, who had married a Christian Frankish Princess. Her presence in Kent prepared the way for the conversion of her husband. Augustine became the first archbishop of Canterbury. When Augustine died he had introduced Christianity into two other kingdoms: Essex and East Anglia. Roman Christianity was brought into Northumbria in the early 7th century, which was followed by a violent pagan reaction. The origins of political unity: the political unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was not complete until the descendants of King Alfred rule over all of England in the late 10th century. Unification meant more than the conquest of one kingdom by another; it meant that the English felt themselves to be one people who will give obedience and submission to one single ruler.The Danes: the Danish incursions into England were part of a larger movement of the Scandinavian peoples who, making piracy a business, hurled their destructive raids against all the coasts of Europe. Coming by sea in their long narrow boats, these Vikings could land armies of several thousand warriors at unexpected places, could penetrate far up the rivers of Western Europe and escape with their booty, largely from monasteries before resistance was organized. They discovered Iceland, Greenland and North America. It is not easy to explain the origins of this movement.In Norway it may have been due to overpopulation. In Denmark as kings consolidated their position, they drove out rebels and rival princes who led great bands of fighting men abroad. The northmen were similar to the Anglo-Saxons of the 5th century, heathen warriors with a lust for steal and slaughter. They were very cruel. In England, Viking attacks changed from piracy to settlement in the 9th century. They destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia and had to be bought off by Mercia. King Alfred the Danes attacked Wessex just as king Alfred came to the throne.Alfred was the supreme hero of the Anglo-Saxons, a statesman and a scholar as well as a splendid general. His great task was to fight the Danes. Alfred gave money to the Danes on condition that they leave Wessex. Then he attacked them and defeated them. So, the Viking leader agreed to leave Wessex and accept Christianity, and Alfred was able to take possession of London. He made a treaty with the Viking leader which fixed a boundary between Wessex and the Danelaw, the Danish portion of the island, in the north and east of England. Alfred became a national hero.He was converting the kingship of Wessex into the kingship of England. Alfred improved the militia, known as the fyrd. He also fortified London and he attempted to build a navy, which met with moderate success. It was Alfred’s aim not merely to beat back the Danes but to restore the civilization they had nearly destroyed. He made a code of laws which stressed the protection of the weak against the strong. It was Alfred’s faith in education that is most amazing. He founded a palace school to which the aristocracy might send their sons.He also set himself the task of translating into Anglo-Saxon a number of Latin books. Alfred’s personality and character drew men to him and he is the one ruler of his country who is known as â€Å"the great†. Anglo-Saxon government: Anglo-Saxon institutions developed rapidly and were remarkable advanced. The king was the powerful and accepted ruler of all England. He appointed and removed officials and leading churchmen. In the Saxon period there was no capital city. The central government was the household of the king and moved with him from place to place.An Anglo-Saxon king was limited in power by his coronation oath, a promise given to defend church, to punish crime and violence and to temper his judgement with clemency and mercy. He was also limited by the ancient customs of the kingdom and to some extent by the witan. The king consulted the witan about most matters of importance and they acted together in serious matters. In times of crisis, the strongest member of the royal family became king and the legal heir to the throne was passed over. Most of England in the later Anglo-Saxon kingdom was divided into districts known as shires.The king needed an official who would be closer to the people and more devoted to the administration of a single shire. Such an official was the sheriff. One of his functions was to preside over the shire court, which assembled twice a year. The smallest unit of local government was the village, since urban life was not characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons. It was mainly an agricultural community. The Anglo-Saxon local government must also include the town or borough. A borough was surrounded by a wall which made it a fortress. It also contained a market. It was a place of trade.At the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, London, Norwich, York, Lincoln and Canterbury were important boroughs, London being by far the largest. The achievements of the Anglo-Saxons: from the Anglo-Saxons, England received its name, its language, its largest ethnic group, its shires, and, for the first time, territorial and political unity as a single kingdom. The Norman Conquest: The last English kings: after the death of Cnut’s sons, the witan turned back to the descendants of Alfred, selecting Edward. Edward was half Norman by birth, and he grew up in Normandy. Normandy was a duchy in western France.It was a kind of French Danelaw. When Edward became king, he surrounded himself with Normans and made French the language of the court. Edward was well intentioned but weak and incapable as a ruler. He had been educated by Norman monks, and at heart he remained a monk all his life, so much that he took a vow of chastity and produced no heir. A noble became the power behind the throne. That person was the earl of Wessex, and his son Harold. When Edward died, the witan selected Harold as king. The Norman invasions: William duke of Normandy prepared for an invasion of England. He insisted that Edward had named him as his heir and that Harold had given him a secret oath of support. The duke recruited an army of about seven thousand and offered his recruits the blessing of the pope and the promise of English lands. Harold was completely defeated and William advanced to London devastating the country. He was soon recognized as king of most of England. Norman monarchy: William brought with him the political and economic practices of Normandy, as an example, feudalism, which is an economic social and political system based on the holding of land granted in return for military service.Feudalism is originally a decentralized system since the landholders possessed great power. William imposed a more centralized system by increasing the strength of the monarchy. When structuring political feudalism in England, William made sure that no vassal could treat him as he had treated his lord. He decided to preserve Anglo-Saxon law and institutions. William was assisted by an assembly called the great council. It consisted of the king’s tenants-in-chief (barons who received land directly from the king). The functions of the great council did not differ much from those of the Anglo-Saxon witan.The great council was only in occasional session and the daily work of government was carried on by the king and the members of his household. The duties of the officers of the household were a strange mixture of official business and care for the domestic life of the king. These officers, together with the barons who were with William a good deal, formed the king’s small council. William retained several Anglo-Saxon institutions such as the courts of the shire. William made great use of the sheriff, giving him great powers.The manorial system: the Anglo-Saxon village retained its unity and the daily life of the peasants went on much as before. The Normans introduced the manor, an estate under a single lord which was farmed and administered as an agricultural entity. The property was consisting of two parts. The first was the lord’s demesne, that is, his portion of the arable land. In the economy of the manor, the cultivation of the lord’s demesne was vital. The second part of the manor comprised the arable strips of the peasants. They were bound to the soil and could be fetched back if they ran away.They had to work upon the demesne and give their lord a portion of the production of their own strips. The Domesday Book: William sent out officials to travel all over England. They were instructed to visit every shire so as to carry out an elaborated census of the ownership and wealth of the kingdom. This mass of information was compiled in the various volumes of what is known as Domesday Book. One theory says that Domesday Book was to from the basis for increased taxation. But it is possible that William may merely have wished to known in detail the extent and value of his conquest.Feudalism: It emerged in Western Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries. A baron who received English lands from William committed himself to become William’s man, his vassal, and to give him loyalty and military service. William in return promised protection to his vassal. This protection was military and legal. William held a feudal court which the baron must attend. If the vassal failed to perform his duty and service, his lands were forfeited. If the king broke the contract, the vassal could in extreme cases renounce his fealty in a declaration called defiance.There were various safeguards, known as the feudal incidents that protected the king in case the military service was not forthcoming: Relief: death ended the contract, and when a baron died the king might legally take back the land. What happened was that the heir paid the king a sum of money known as relief and was then invested with his father’s lands. Wardship: if the heir was a child unable to fulfil the military obligations, the king might take possession of the land and manage it for his own profit until the heir came of age.Marriage: if the descend was a woman, the king was in danger of losing the military service owed to him. The heiress might marry an enemy of the king and transfer her wealthy to him. Hence the king reserved the right to select a husband for an heiress. Escheat: if the vassal’s family became extinct the fief was escheated to the king, who regained complete control over it. Fine or alienation: A vassal wishing to sell a portion of his fief could not do so without the king’s consent and would normally pay a sum of money for the privilege of alienation.Forfeiture: a vassal who failed to perform his military service was tried in the king’s feudal court and, if found guilty, forfeited his lands, which then reverted to the king. These feudal incidents not only assured the king that knights’ service would be forthcoming from a fief but also emphasize the fact that the fief was not a gift but a conditional grant of land in which the king retained many rights. The king could ask for the feudal aids, sums of money payable by a vassal when the king was in financial need.These aids were payable in three occasions only: when the king knighted hi s eldest son, when his eldest daughter was going to get marry and when he was captured in war and must be ransomed. In the feudal system there was private jurisdiction. The barons who obtained lands from William also obtained the right to hold courts for the men living on their lands. A court known as the manorial court existed for the unfree peasants on each estate. A feudal court was held for the vassals of a lord who had granted a portion of his land to his knights or to other persons in return for military service.The barons began to grant lands to some of their knights in return for military service. This process was known as subinfeudation, and the knight who obtained a fief became the king’s subvassal. They held as much land as some of the smaller tenants-in-chief, and they were referred to as barons. The feudal institutions concerned only the nobility. The mass of the people, peasants and townsmen, had no part in the feudal system. The obligations of the peasants were regulated by ancient custom; the land could change hands without changing the duties and services of the peasants.

The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms

Introduction It is plainly difficult to establish the relationship between the perceived globally accepted view and the Islamic orthodoxy. For instance, the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq are some of the issues which creates a disparity in international and Islamic excepted views respectively.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Western observers have not welcomed the Islamic views. According to their views, all Muslim states should adhere to the rules and values enclosed in the Shari’a law. Consequently, the western observers believe that the difference in opinion can only be solved by replacing their current political system with that which supports human rights law. Arguably, this has been supported by the fact that the western observers were happy with the Arab spring as it would bring a system of government which supports normal gl obal view of fairness and democracy. Categorically, the western observers believe that the Islamic laws are going against the internationally acceptable principles. On the other hand, Muslims also take their laws to be rights and the universal human rights to be wrong. This creates the conflict between their views and that of the western observers. Universalism and the international accepted view Many people have been faced with the problem of making concrete conclusions over the general global view that international human rights are common in nature. According to an extensive mainstream international view, the current global human rights law should be considered to be universally applicable. Consequently, this implies that every person should be entitled to certain rights. Countries which are not able to protect these rights are not considered to be morally upright. Freedom, fairness, and peace can only be achieved by recognizing the importance of the global human rights law. Thes e views are mostly welcomed by the western people who believe that it is globally acceptable for human beings to be given certain basic rights. People are regarded as the real owners of these rights hence they must be protected by their states. According to religious beliefs, universality of an individual’s rights started from creation. By definition, God is universal in nature hence the rights must also be common as He is the one who created them. Conversely, this theory has got a number of complexities. First, the theory does not make sense to those people who do not believe in the existence of God. Since people have failed to prove the existence of God, it is also difficult to prove that human rights are universal. According to Judaeo-Christian point of view, there is a huge doubt about God’s opinion on the issue of universal human rights. Therefore, there is also a considerable doubt about the existence of the global human rights laws.Advertising Looking for a rticle on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human condition is also another source of the universality of an individual’s rights. As indicated in the International Bill of Rights, the universality of human rights comes from their inherent nature and equal status. Additionally, it also comes from their dignity and value hence they are considered to have certain rights. The problem with this theory is that the beliefs are not visible. Subsequently, this makes it difficult for people to trust the theory. The other disadvantage of the theory is that an individual’s statue does not reflect a universal status. For instance, an individual’s acceptance of the current western opinion on an individual’s rights does not reflect the global opinion on the same issue. Nature of the global universalism Despite the conflicts which arise between Muslims and the international community on human righ ts, the international community has approved other difficult proposals. One of the proposals is that particular rights, considered to be universally appropriate and valid, exist. The other preposition is that there exist commonly acceptable and unacceptable principles regarding when a country may lawfully control such rights. Arguably, the Islamic notion that men and women should have dissimilar duties in the family is not commonly accepted. This is because it does not obey the western understanding about the right to equality. Moreover, it restricts people from enjoying their religious freedom. The universalism allegation of the global human rights law is considered to be strange by many Muslims since it is against the Islamic law. It does not only cover the perception of human rights, but also the nature of a person’s rights. Additionally, it also views Islamic position of not supporting these rights as something not acceptable. Therefore, the above claims have caused the c onflict in this context. Universalism and the traditional Islamic thought A number of errors have been made when speaking about the western accepted view. Islamic orthodoxy should not only be viewed on the negative side, but also on the positive side. For instance, it should be considered that not all Muslims have similar thoughts and their law is open to different opinions and interpretations. Subsequently, a number of these interpretations will make the Islamic law to be in line with the global human rights law than the other existing laws around the world. God controls the whole world hence all the powers used by people comes from his authority. Therefore, western human rights policies should not only consider their own provisions to validate the universal legality, but also the values of Shari’a law. For instance, the law should be considered to be naturally independent and universally self-legitimizing.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Clash o f Unprovable Universalisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the global human rights, the law must be accepted even in situations where it appears to be unjust. Since people are not able to know what God thinks, his law appears cruel because people have not been able to completely understand the meaning of universal justice. Therefore, instead of criticizing the law, people should carry out more studies to ensure that their minds precisely pinpoint that of God. According to Muslims, Shari’a law cannot be put into action by a state since it is a secret between the followers and God. Besides, He is the one who created the law hence religious devotees are expected to obey God’s commands and not emphasizing on their individual importance. The traditional Muslim law should be conformed not challenged. This is because the law, like any other law, comes from God who controls all the states. Lessons from the clash of universalisms It is clear from the article that conflict between western-led global human rights law and the accepted views of Islam contains an opposing faith claim whose validity cannot be proved. Certain characteristics of Islam law considered to be immoral by the supporters of the intercontinental human rights law may appear strange to some of the Muslims. This is because most of them grew up in such cultural background hence it will not be easy for them to change their belief. Islamic law can make sense when observed from the perspective of ideologies they are based upon. The law can only be understood by accommodating their fundamentalists’ who believe that the law is collectively right. There are certain moral principles which are considered to be important internationally. Therefore, the values may be characterised as representing the universal law containing basic human courtesy. Human rights should not be taken as the most appropriate way an individual can obtain a fundamental commonality of ethical decency. For instance, it is a common ethical law that an individual’s life is important hence the law can be put into practice by understanding the right to life. The above accepted view may be similar based on the moral principles under which a community is expected to operate. They only differ when it comes to establishing the procedures of obtaining such care. Consequently, this is caused by their dissimilar normative starting points. There is a conflict between Islamic law and global human rights law when it comes to establishing justifiable rights. They both believe that some of the rights are not complete hence can be controlled. Therefore, the two only differ when it comes to determining the right time to apply the law restrict freedom.Advertising Looking for article on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Conclusively, the alleged difference between Islamic law and global human rights law is majorly caused by difference in history and culture. Additionally, western observers still take Islam to be an evil culture which is against the universally correct norms. Islam has really grown in the past years with many followers. It also has its own universal truths which are not in line with those of the international law. Therefore, it is not easy to understand the truth between the Islamic law and the global human rights law. This article on The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms was written and submitted by user Yuliana Tillman to help you with your own studies. 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