The Fame of Coco Chanel - 629 Words

In the roaring 1920’s, women were in corsets, that restricted many women to not eat nor breathe. That’s when Coco Chanel change everything for women, that made her career in the fashion industry go through the roof. Before Coco became an icon in the fashion industry, she was put in an orphanage ever since her dad had left her sister and her. Coco was then raised by nuns, which is where she was taught to sew, a skill will help her to fame. Though her name wasn’t always Coco, her birth name was Gabrielle Chanel. Her nickname came from her first job as a singer at clubs around where she lived, that is France. It was up until her relationship with Etienne Balsan, that funded Coco’s first store. Her first store was located in Paris Cambon in 1910, where she sold hats for women. Coco later on left Etienne for one of his friends, Arthur Capel, that was wealthier than him. Arthur also help start up Coco’s fashion career. It wasn’t till Coco was seen wearing her husbands jersey that made her a fashion icon. Since then her career has been lucrative. Chanel introduced men clothing to women, she designed suits without collars and fitted shirts that made her an instant fashion icon. Coco Chanel’s clothing accentuated comfort to women in the 1920’s. After her death Coco Chanel has left popular fashion industry, she was important in the 1920’s that changed how women dressed. Coco Chanel was influential in the roaring 1920’s because she introduced men clothing into the women fashion. CocoShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Empty Closet885 Words   |  4 Pageswill not solicit the mood for romance. If a touch of flirtatious personality is added, the person may end up with a replica of Coco Chanel’s â€Å"†¦little black dress, which seemed, at first glance, artless, rustic grab and impersonal. This decisive step brought the 44-year designer worldwide fame and made her finding a symbol of elega nce, luxury, and good taste,† (â€Å"Coco Chanel Biography† par. 20). Thus, event and the individual’s flirtatious personality are a match and the message and mood are clearlyRead MoreThe Making of Coco Chanel508 Words   |  2 PagesCoco Chanel was born on the 19th of August in 1883 in Sammur, France her parents giving her the name Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. When Coco was around 12 her mother passed away this provoked her father to abandoned her and her 5 siblings, she and her sisters were sent to a convent for abandoned girls and her brothers were sent to work. The time she spent in the convent was a dark time therefor she didn’t like to speak of but she reflected in some of her pieces as she used the tones and shapes fromRead MoreFashion, Fashion And Luxury Company1542 Words   |  7 Pagesin technology. Chanel is an established beauty, fashion and luxury company headquartered in France. The brand was founded by Coco Chanel who was famous for revoluti onizing ladies’ fashion as well as introducing timeless elegance and style. The strength of the brand also lies in Karl Lagerfeld, a cult designer, who never fails to interest the management team and consumers in promoting and preserving the brand image and attuned to the needs and market trends of the consumer. Chanel brand will continueRead MoreMarketing essay on Chanel4291 Words   |  18 Pagescomplexity of Chanel business environment and its main resources. Those three models are: PESTEL, SWOT and 5 Porter’s forces. In this Report we ï ¬ nd out that in period of economic crisis, luxury was seen as unnecessary and even selï ¬ sh, Luxury Brands might have a bad reputation lately. It is extremely because of their manufactures in China or India and other countries like those, and also because of counterfeit that destroy brands image. But then if we look at the marketing power of chanel throughRead MoreMarketing Plan for Chanel N5 Perfume3426 Words   |  14 PagesExecutive Summary Chanel No.5 is one of the most popular perfume products on the market. The Chanel N5 has a constant mission to accomplish in satisfying it customers as well as the laws. It is crucial to keep a reasonable price and maintain high quality of the perfume product. Correspondingly, whenever the cost of the product decreases, it means the quality of the product lessens, and luxury product becomes ordinary. The word perfume derives from the Latin perfumare, meaning to smoke through.Read MoreReasons Why Paris Became The 21st Century Most Important Fashion City1624 Words   |  7 Pagescentury which when before Vogue had started. Vogue was founded in 1892 which was purposely to influences away liberating corsets that women worn and to inspire them to wear bias cut dresses. In 1925, during the post world war. A little Designer name Coco Chanel first came into the industry. She dominated and revolutionized French fashion industry. Following the attention of Christian Dior, Hubert de Givenchy a nd Pierre Balmain all open their fashion houses soon after. Paris Paris became the firstRead MoreThe End Of World War I Enhanced Americans1020 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance caused an uproar of newfound interest in literature, music, art, and black culture. Jazz music became popular, more black writers such as Zora Neale Hurston came to prominence, and dancers like Josephine Baker shook and shimmied their way to fame. The Prohibition movement also came to pass, which made the manufacture, sale, and drinking of alcohol illegal, though not everyone adhered to this policy. The fashion styles and dances of the 1920s significantly deviated from the previously knownRead MoreThe Success Of Louis Vuitton Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pages was such that he needed to venture into a bigger workshop outside of Paris. In 1867 Vuitton was honored a bronze decoration at the Exposition Universelle, a global composition sorted out by Napoleon and held in Paris, which further expanded the fame of his work. Amid the Franco-Prussian War, from 1870-71, Vuitton s workshop was plundered and wrecked. When the war finished he set up another workshop in a distinguished territory of focal Paris. Vuitton presented a trunk in a beige and red stripedRead MoreWhat Is Luxury?3096 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"Luxury is a necessity that begins where a necessity ends† -- Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel What is Luxury? â€Å"Luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury†. -- Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel Luxury is a term that can mean different things to different people; therefore there are multitudes of ways to describe it. It is, as a whole superfluous, based on the attainment of desires and is not considered to be a need. According to Christopher Berry luxury is â€Å"an expenditure thatRead MoreThe Opening Of The Imperial Ballet School1500 Words   |  6 PagesMassine. As the Russian Revolution is happening, funding is lost and a shift is seen. This shift moves from Russian themes to French ideas. Collaborations start happening between different artists living in Paris. Artist such as Pablo Picasso and Coco Chanel create costumes for Ballet Russes productions. Parade becomes the first cubist ballet choreographed by Massine with the help of Picasso. Different from Nijinsky and Fokine, Massine used sound and noise elements such as â€Å"†¦sounds of typewriters

Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal - 844 Words

(3) In this statement he is estimating the amount of children in Ireland, and how many would be given up for consumption. He also includes an estimated price for the charge of nursing a poor child to be about two shillings and ten for the child after it has been plumped and sold. Swift follows by describing how many servings it would fulfill as well as how many people it could nourish. By presenting this information he makes the proposal seem possible, well thought out, and easily put into action. In order to convince his audience Swift has to be credible. He mentions thinking about his plan for many years and comparing it to plans put forth by others. He shows the plan was meticulously thought through and checked for flaws before being submitted for publication. Swift (1729) states, I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and a make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust. (4) He includes references of people from America andShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal949 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift takes place in Dublin Ireland in the 18th century. The narrator is a very ironic character. His â€Å"modest† proposal is anything but modest. This short story takes place during a famine. Since there was a famine, Swift proposes the idea that people sell their one year old children to the rich so they would not be a burden to their family. One important way in which the author engages the audience’s attention and tries to help his readers see deeper politicalRead More Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal Swift was said to â€Å"declare at one stage in his life: ‘I am not of this vile country (Ireland), I am an Englishman’† (Hertford website). In his satire â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† he illustrates his dislike not only for the Irish, but for the English, organized religions, rich, greedy landlords, and people of power. It is obvious that Swift dislikes these people, but the reader must explore from where his loathing for the groups of people stems. I believe Swift notRead MoreIrony in Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthe tome is usually kept serious and Irony and satire are widely used in such writings. On the other hand while describing the recent developments in genetic engineering, the tone would be objective and humor or satire would be ineffective here. Jonathan Swift was famous for his sarcastic remarks on the government of his days and his works are full of satire and irony which appear to be humorous but carry a sharp edge which make them effective for expressing political ideas. â€Å"Irony refers eitherRead More Jonathan Swifts Essay, A Modest Proposal659 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Swifts Essay, A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift in his essay, A Modest Proposal suggests a unique solution to the problem concerning poor children in Ireland. Swift uses several analytical techniques like statistics, induction, and testimony to persuade his readers. His idea is admirable because he suggests that instead of putting money into the problem, one can make money from the problem. However, his proposal is inhumane. Swift wrote his proposal for those that were tired ofRead MoreEssay on Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal1391 Words   |  6 Pages In Jonathan Swift’s essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift proposes that the poor should eat their own starving children during a great a famine in Ireland. What would draw Swift into writing to such lengths? When times get hard in Ireland, Swift states that the children would make great meals. The key factor to Swift’s essay that the reader must see that Swift is not literally ordering the poor to cannibalize. Swift acknowledges the fact of the scarcity of food and empathizes with the struggling andRead More Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal Essay459 Words   |  2 PagesJonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† published in 1729, Swift engages in an extraordinary amount of irony and satire. Swift states that in order to reduce famine in Ireland and to solve the problems that they are having that eating children would be a good solution. This is not the purpose of Swift’s essay. The real intent was to get the people of Britain to notice that the ideas that they were coming up with were not any better than his satiricalRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal998 Words   |  4 Pagesbest way to eliminate the social issues that are influencing it.Swift starts by taunting and blaming the moms of the children by saying that if they are capable of finding work they should instead of asking for money. Swift, wrote the essay,A Modest Proposal as a sarcastic approach to show people that they are not showing any interest or even coming up with working plans to decrease these social problems, for exa mple, fetus removal, overpopulation, and poorness. Through his terribly twisted ideaRead MoreSummary Of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal918 Words   |  4 PagesIrish. One of these people was a man named Jonathan Swift. In his essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Swift challenges the status quo of the time and place in which it was written by proposing that they eat the children of the poor, ending the hate between the Protestants and the Catholics, and suggesting that the landowners have mercy towards their tenants. In his essay, Swift first suggests that the population of Ireland eat the children of the poor. This proposal would shock anyone, but it was definitelyRead MoreAnalysis of Jonathan Swifts Essay A Modest Proposal903 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swifts 1729 essay A Modest Proposal deals with societal issues contemporary to him and is meant to provide harsh criticism in regard to values promoted by society at the time. The author uses this essay with the purpose of suggesting that he found the solution to financial problems experienced by the Irish during the era. By advising these people to sell their people to wealthy individuals in England, he intends to satirize society by emphasizing the cruel attitudes generally expressedRead MoreJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal And The Daily Show1139 Words   |  5 Pagesgrievances and wait for slow and often ineffective changes to take place. However, in the eighteenth century Jonathan Swift broke societys norms through his highly disturbing and shocking satirical piece A Modest Proposal. Swift proposes to the English Protestants a cannibal solution for the Irish Catholic children who are dying of starvation and diseases on the streets each day. Swift’s far from â€Å"modest† solution paved the way for modern day satirical outlets like The Daily Show. In a time where news commentators

Early Inhabitants of Britain free essay sample

Early inhabitants of Britain: The Celts: A series of invasions began about the year 1000 B. C. And continued until the opening of the Christian era. The Celts invaded Britain and dominated the native peoples, merging with then but firmly establishing their own language and civilization. They brought to Britain a renewed interest in agriculture together with the age of iron. The last Celtic invaders were the tribes of the Belgae, who settled in south-eastern Britain. Their advanced agriculture, knowledge of arts and crafts, their military skill, their trade with the continent, their coinage and political organization under strong tribal chieftains made south-eastern Britain the best grain-producing portion of the island. The religion of the Belgae was dark and superstitious. They believed in spirits who lived in springs, rocks and sacred groves. There were priests known as Druids. They combined the functions of priests, teachers and magistrates or judges. In 55 B. C. Julius Caesar crossed the channel in the first Roman invasions of Britain. He obtained submission and a promise of tribute from the principal chieftains of south-eastern Britain. The Celts in Britain remained independent or almost another century. Roman Britain: almost a century after Caesar’s invasions, emperor Claudius dispatched a large army to make a conquest of Britain. The Romans controlled the lowland plain within five years and began at once to lay down the great military roads which radiated from London as a centre.It took the Romans longer to control the rest of the country, in particular the violent Celtic tribes in the mountainous areas. Although the Celts in Wales were eventually conquered, they were never romanized. A conquest in Scotland proved to be impossible, or at least not worth the cost. The Romans came to Britain to exploit the island, not to settle in the place of the inhabitants. Although Roman rule was efficient, it remained alien, and only temporary in its effects. The impact of Rome was far greater in the south. They encouraged urbanization.They began building four model Roman towns with public buildings, amphitheatres and baths and filled them with Roman citizens, largely retired soldiers. The governors then, encouraged Celtic princes and aristocrats to convert their tribal centers into cities, which never really flourished. Country life, on the other hand, grew in popularity since the wealthy class of Romano-Britons built houses in the country known as villas. The bulk of the population lived neither in towns nor in villas but in native villages, primitive collections of huts.They showed few indications of Romanization. During the first centuries of roman rule there was a marked increase in British commerce and industry. Romanization also introduced to Britain the atmosphere of the Mediterranean world with its Latin tongue and its new faith, Christianity. During the fourth century of Roman rule there were increasing signs that the Roman Empire was in decay and that the Roman position in Britain was in grave danger. Barbarian peoples were pressing in upon Rome. As the empire became paralyzed by political factionalism and weakened by barbarian attacks, Roman legions evacuated Britain to fight elsewhere and never returned. Finally, early in the fifth century, the Romans recalled the remaining soldiers and officials from Britain, leaving the British to defend themselves from the coming barbarians. What did the Romans leave that has had a lasting effect upon Britain? They left the roads which continued to be used for centuries and which marked out lines of communication that have not disappeared today.They left a tradition of urban life and recognition of the favorable position of London as a center for commerce and administration. They also left Christianity, which was strong enough to survive the Roman collapse. Besides this, the Romans left very little, which was almost completely destroyed by the new invaders. The Anglo-Saxons: Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who took possession of the plains, pushing the Celts to the mountains. Britain became England, the land of the Angles; from that time forward the English have been mostly of Anglo-Saxon blood.The invaders came from southern Denmark and northern Germany. They turned toward Britain because their lands were under pressure from the Huns and Avars. The Anglo-Saxons suffered a defeat at the hands of a British general; Ambrosius Aurelianus, who led the Celts to the important victory of Mount Badon. This victory is the basis of the legend of King Arthur, in which Ambrosius was made a king and his soldiers converted into Knights of the Round Table with all the glamour of medieval chivalry. The Anglo-Saxons were barbarians when they invaded Britain.Their religion was that of Norse mythology; their political organization that of the tribal king surrounded by young warriors and older counselors. The Anglo-Saxons delighted in war and were very cruel. The Anglo-Saxon warrior was not afraid of death. After the war leader and his warriors had cleaned the way, they were followed by the mass of freemen, who were farmers, and who appropriated the fields of the Celts and established the villages of medieval England. Below the freemen was a class of slaves, mostly captives in war. Lacking a tradition of national unity, the tribes set up separate kingdoms.Seven kingdoms, the heptarchy, emerged: Kent occupied by the Jutes, Essex, Sussex and Wessex settled by the Saxons, and East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria claimed by the Angles. Two themes of importance in Anglo-Saxon history are the conversion of the heathen invaders to Christianity and the movement of the kingdoms toward political unification. The church was able to construct an organization common to all England at the time when political unity was still far in the future. A united church pointed the way toward a united kingdom.Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons: Christianity came to the Anglo-Saxons in two different missions: one from the Celtic church in Ireland and Scotland, the other from the church in Rome. Although Christianity had penetrated into Ireland in Roman times, the true founder of the Irish Church was St. Patrick, who converted the heathen Irish and founded a church whose organization was Episcopal (governed by bishops). After St. Patrick’s death his organization disappeared and the church in Ireland was controlled by monasteries. The Irish church, separated from Rome by the barbarian invasions was very different from the Roman church.An Irish monk, Saint Columba, brought the faith to western Scotland in the 6th century and missionaries from the monastery he founded on the island of Iona were to help to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England. A group of missionaries from Rome arrived in Kent. They had been sent by Pope Gregory the Great, who had entrusted the mission to Augustine, a Benedictine monk. He was kindly received by the king of Kent, who had married a Christian Frankish Princess. Her presence in Kent prepared the way for the conversion of her husband. Augustine became the first archbishop of Canterbury. When Augustine died he had introduced Christianity into two other kingdoms: Essex and East Anglia. Roman Christianity was brought into Northumbria in the early 7th century, which was followed by a violent pagan reaction. The origins of political unity: the political unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was not complete until the descendants of King Alfred rule over all of England in the late 10th century. Unification meant more than the conquest of one kingdom by another; it meant that the English felt themselves to be one people who will give obedience and submission to one single ruler.The Danes: the Danish incursions into England were part of a larger movement of the Scandinavian peoples who, making piracy a business, hurled their destructive raids against all the coasts of Europe. Coming by sea in their long narrow boats, these Vikings could land armies of several thousand warriors at unexpected places, could penetrate far up the rivers of Western Europe and escape with their booty, largely from monasteries before resistance was organized. They discovered Iceland, Greenland and North America. It is not easy to explain the origins of this movement.In Norway it may have been due to overpopulation. In Denmark as kings consolidated their position, they drove out rebels and rival princes who led great bands of fighting men abroad. The northmen were similar to the Anglo-Saxons of the 5th century, heathen warriors with a lust for steal and slaughter. They were very cruel. In England, Viking attacks changed from piracy to settlement in the 9th century. They destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia and had to be bought off by Mercia. King Alfred the Danes attacked Wessex just as king Alfred came to the throne.Alfred was the supreme hero of the Anglo-Saxons, a statesman and a scholar as well as a splendid general. His great task was to fight the Danes. Alfred gave money to the Danes on condition that they leave Wessex. Then he attacked them and defeated them. So, the Viking leader agreed to leave Wessex and accept Christianity, and Alfred was able to take possession of London. He made a treaty with the Viking leader which fixed a boundary between Wessex and the Danelaw, the Danish portion of the island, in the north and east of England. Alfred became a national hero.He was converting the kingship of Wessex into the kingship of England. Alfred improved the militia, known as the fyrd. He also fortified London and he attempted to build a navy, which met with moderate success. It was Alfred’s aim not merely to beat back the Danes but to restore the civilization they had nearly destroyed. He made a code of laws which stressed the protection of the weak against the strong. It was Alfred’s faith in education that is most amazing. He founded a palace school to which the aristocracy might send their sons.He also set himself the task of translating into Anglo-Saxon a number of Latin books. Alfred’s personality and character drew men to him and he is the one ruler of his country who is known as â€Å"the great†. Anglo-Saxon government: Anglo-Saxon institutions developed rapidly and were remarkable advanced. The king was the powerful and accepted ruler of all England. He appointed and removed officials and leading churchmen. In the Saxon period there was no capital city. The central government was the household of the king and moved with him from place to place.An Anglo-Saxon king was limited in power by his coronation oath, a promise given to defend church, to punish crime and violence and to temper his judgement with clemency and mercy. He was also limited by the ancient customs of the kingdom and to some extent by the witan. The king consulted the witan about most matters of importance and they acted together in serious matters. In times of crisis, the strongest member of the royal family became king and the legal heir to the throne was passed over. Most of England in the later Anglo-Saxon kingdom was divided into districts known as shires.The king needed an official who would be closer to the people and more devoted to the administration of a single shire. Such an official was the sheriff. One of his functions was to preside over the shire court, which assembled twice a year. The smallest unit of local government was the village, since urban life was not characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons. It was mainly an agricultural community. The Anglo-Saxon local government must also include the town or borough. A borough was surrounded by a wall which made it a fortress. It also contained a market. It was a place of trade.At the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, London, Norwich, York, Lincoln and Canterbury were important boroughs, London being by far the largest. The achievements of the Anglo-Saxons: from the Anglo-Saxons, England received its name, its language, its largest ethnic group, its shires, and, for the first time, territorial and political unity as a single kingdom. The Norman Conquest: The last English kings: after the death of Cnut’s sons, the witan turned back to the descendants of Alfred, selecting Edward. Edward was half Norman by birth, and he grew up in Normandy. Normandy was a duchy in western France.It was a kind of French Danelaw. When Edward became king, he surrounded himself with Normans and made French the language of the court. Edward was well intentioned but weak and incapable as a ruler. He had been educated by Norman monks, and at heart he remained a monk all his life, so much that he took a vow of chastity and produced no heir. A noble became the power behind the throne. That person was the earl of Wessex, and his son Harold. When Edward died, the witan selected Harold as king. The Norman invasions: William duke of Normandy prepared for an invasion of England. He insisted that Edward had named him as his heir and that Harold had given him a secret oath of support. The duke recruited an army of about seven thousand and offered his recruits the blessing of the pope and the promise of English lands. Harold was completely defeated and William advanced to London devastating the country. He was soon recognized as king of most of England. Norman monarchy: William brought with him the political and economic practices of Normandy, as an example, feudalism, which is an economic social and political system based on the holding of land granted in return for military service.Feudalism is originally a decentralized system since the landholders possessed great power. William imposed a more centralized system by increasing the strength of the monarchy. When structuring political feudalism in England, William made sure that no vassal could treat him as he had treated his lord. He decided to preserve Anglo-Saxon law and institutions. William was assisted by an assembly called the great council. It consisted of the king’s tenants-in-chief (barons who received land directly from the king). The functions of the great council did not differ much from those of the Anglo-Saxon witan.The great council was only in occasional session and the daily work of government was carried on by the king and the members of his household. The duties of the officers of the household were a strange mixture of official business and care for the domestic life of the king. These officers, together with the barons who were with William a good deal, formed the king’s small council. William retained several Anglo-Saxon institutions such as the courts of the shire. William made great use of the sheriff, giving him great powers.The manorial system: the Anglo-Saxon village retained its unity and the daily life of the peasants went on much as before. The Normans introduced the manor, an estate under a single lord which was farmed and administered as an agricultural entity. The property was consisting of two parts. The first was the lord’s demesne, that is, his portion of the arable land. In the economy of the manor, the cultivation of the lord’s demesne was vital. The second part of the manor comprised the arable strips of the peasants. They were bound to the soil and could be fetched back if they ran away.They had to work upon the demesne and give their lord a portion of the production of their own strips. The Domesday Book: William sent out officials to travel all over England. They were instructed to visit every shire so as to carry out an elaborated census of the ownership and wealth of the kingdom. This mass of information was compiled in the various volumes of what is known as Domesday Book. One theory says that Domesday Book was to from the basis for increased taxation. But it is possible that William may merely have wished to known in detail the extent and value of his conquest.Feudalism: It emerged in Western Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries. A baron who received English lands from William committed himself to become William’s man, his vassal, and to give him loyalty and military service. William in return promised protection to his vassal. This protection was military and legal. William held a feudal court which the baron must attend. If the vassal failed to perform his duty and service, his lands were forfeited. If the king broke the contract, the vassal could in extreme cases renounce his fealty in a declaration called defiance.There were various safeguards, known as the feudal incidents that protected the king in case the military service was not forthcoming: Relief: death ended the contract, and when a baron died the king might legally take back the land. What happened was that the heir paid the king a sum of money known as relief and was then invested with his father’s lands. Wardship: if the heir was a child unable to fulfil the military obligations, the king might take possession of the land and manage it for his own profit until the heir came of age.Marriage: if the descend was a woman, the king was in danger of losing the military service owed to him. The heiress might marry an enemy of the king and transfer her wealthy to him. Hence the king reserved the right to select a husband for an heiress. Escheat: if the vassal’s family became extinct the fief was escheated to the king, who regained complete control over it. Fine or alienation: A vassal wishing to sell a portion of his fief could not do so without the king’s consent and would normally pay a sum of money for the privilege of alienation.Forfeiture: a vassal who failed to perform his military service was tried in the king’s feudal court and, if found guilty, forfeited his lands, which then reverted to the king. These feudal incidents not only assured the king that knights’ service would be forthcoming from a fief but also emphasize the fact that the fief was not a gift but a conditional grant of land in which the king retained many rights. The king could ask for the feudal aids, sums of money payable by a vassal when the king was in financial need.These aids were payable in three occasions only: when the king knighted hi s eldest son, when his eldest daughter was going to get marry and when he was captured in war and must be ransomed. In the feudal system there was private jurisdiction. The barons who obtained lands from William also obtained the right to hold courts for the men living on their lands. A court known as the manorial court existed for the unfree peasants on each estate. A feudal court was held for the vassals of a lord who had granted a portion of his land to his knights or to other persons in return for military service.The barons began to grant lands to some of their knights in return for military service. This process was known as subinfeudation, and the knight who obtained a fief became the king’s subvassal. They held as much land as some of the smaller tenants-in-chief, and they were referred to as barons. The feudal institutions concerned only the nobility. The mass of the people, peasants and townsmen, had no part in the feudal system. The obligations of the peasants were regulated by ancient custom; the land could change hands without changing the duties and services of the peasants.

The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms

Introduction It is plainly difficult to establish the relationship between the perceived globally accepted view and the Islamic orthodoxy. For instance, the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq are some of the issues which creates a disparity in international and Islamic excepted views respectively.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Western observers have not welcomed the Islamic views. According to their views, all Muslim states should adhere to the rules and values enclosed in the Shari’a law. Consequently, the western observers believe that the difference in opinion can only be solved by replacing their current political system with that which supports human rights law. Arguably, this has been supported by the fact that the western observers were happy with the Arab spring as it would bring a system of government which supports normal gl obal view of fairness and democracy. Categorically, the western observers believe that the Islamic laws are going against the internationally acceptable principles. On the other hand, Muslims also take their laws to be rights and the universal human rights to be wrong. This creates the conflict between their views and that of the western observers. Universalism and the international accepted view Many people have been faced with the problem of making concrete conclusions over the general global view that international human rights are common in nature. According to an extensive mainstream international view, the current global human rights law should be considered to be universally applicable. Consequently, this implies that every person should be entitled to certain rights. Countries which are not able to protect these rights are not considered to be morally upright. Freedom, fairness, and peace can only be achieved by recognizing the importance of the global human rights law. Thes e views are mostly welcomed by the western people who believe that it is globally acceptable for human beings to be given certain basic rights. People are regarded as the real owners of these rights hence they must be protected by their states. According to religious beliefs, universality of an individual’s rights started from creation. By definition, God is universal in nature hence the rights must also be common as He is the one who created them. Conversely, this theory has got a number of complexities. First, the theory does not make sense to those people who do not believe in the existence of God. Since people have failed to prove the existence of God, it is also difficult to prove that human rights are universal. According to Judaeo-Christian point of view, there is a huge doubt about God’s opinion on the issue of universal human rights. Therefore, there is also a considerable doubt about the existence of the global human rights laws.Advertising Looking for a rticle on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human condition is also another source of the universality of an individual’s rights. As indicated in the International Bill of Rights, the universality of human rights comes from their inherent nature and equal status. Additionally, it also comes from their dignity and value hence they are considered to have certain rights. The problem with this theory is that the beliefs are not visible. Subsequently, this makes it difficult for people to trust the theory. The other disadvantage of the theory is that an individual’s statue does not reflect a universal status. For instance, an individual’s acceptance of the current western opinion on an individual’s rights does not reflect the global opinion on the same issue. Nature of the global universalism Despite the conflicts which arise between Muslims and the international community on human righ ts, the international community has approved other difficult proposals. One of the proposals is that particular rights, considered to be universally appropriate and valid, exist. The other preposition is that there exist commonly acceptable and unacceptable principles regarding when a country may lawfully control such rights. Arguably, the Islamic notion that men and women should have dissimilar duties in the family is not commonly accepted. This is because it does not obey the western understanding about the right to equality. Moreover, it restricts people from enjoying their religious freedom. The universalism allegation of the global human rights law is considered to be strange by many Muslims since it is against the Islamic law. It does not only cover the perception of human rights, but also the nature of a person’s rights. Additionally, it also views Islamic position of not supporting these rights as something not acceptable. Therefore, the above claims have caused the c onflict in this context. Universalism and the traditional Islamic thought A number of errors have been made when speaking about the western accepted view. Islamic orthodoxy should not only be viewed on the negative side, but also on the positive side. For instance, it should be considered that not all Muslims have similar thoughts and their law is open to different opinions and interpretations. Subsequently, a number of these interpretations will make the Islamic law to be in line with the global human rights law than the other existing laws around the world. God controls the whole world hence all the powers used by people comes from his authority. Therefore, western human rights policies should not only consider their own provisions to validate the universal legality, but also the values of Shari’a law. For instance, the law should be considered to be naturally independent and universally self-legitimizing.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Clash o f Unprovable Universalisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the global human rights, the law must be accepted even in situations where it appears to be unjust. Since people are not able to know what God thinks, his law appears cruel because people have not been able to completely understand the meaning of universal justice. Therefore, instead of criticizing the law, people should carry out more studies to ensure that their minds precisely pinpoint that of God. According to Muslims, Shari’a law cannot be put into action by a state since it is a secret between the followers and God. Besides, He is the one who created the law hence religious devotees are expected to obey God’s commands and not emphasizing on their individual importance. The traditional Muslim law should be conformed not challenged. This is because the law, like any other law, comes from God who controls all the states. Lessons from the clash of universalisms It is clear from the article that conflict between western-led global human rights law and the accepted views of Islam contains an opposing faith claim whose validity cannot be proved. Certain characteristics of Islam law considered to be immoral by the supporters of the intercontinental human rights law may appear strange to some of the Muslims. This is because most of them grew up in such cultural background hence it will not be easy for them to change their belief. Islamic law can make sense when observed from the perspective of ideologies they are based upon. The law can only be understood by accommodating their fundamentalists’ who believe that the law is collectively right. There are certain moral principles which are considered to be important internationally. Therefore, the values may be characterised as representing the universal law containing basic human courtesy. Human rights should not be taken as the most appropriate way an individual can obtain a fundamental commonality of ethical decency. For instance, it is a common ethical law that an individual’s life is important hence the law can be put into practice by understanding the right to life. The above accepted view may be similar based on the moral principles under which a community is expected to operate. They only differ when it comes to establishing the procedures of obtaining such care. Consequently, this is caused by their dissimilar normative starting points. There is a conflict between Islamic law and global human rights law when it comes to establishing justifiable rights. They both believe that some of the rights are not complete hence can be controlled. Therefore, the two only differ when it comes to determining the right time to apply the law restrict freedom.Advertising Looking for article on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Conclusively, the alleged difference between Islamic law and global human rights law is majorly caused by difference in history and culture. Additionally, western observers still take Islam to be an evil culture which is against the universally correct norms. Islam has really grown in the past years with many followers. It also has its own universal truths which are not in line with those of the international law. Therefore, it is not easy to understand the truth between the Islamic law and the global human rights law. This article on The Clash of Unprovable Universalisms was written and submitted by user Yuliana Tillman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

We Beat the Street Essay Example

We Beat the Street Essay Example We Beat the Street Essay We Beat the Street Essay By: Nnamdi Anige In the book We beat the street Dr. Hunt, Dr, Jenkins and, Dr, Davis show how you do not have to get caught up in everything your friends do. When you do make mistakes, learn from those mistakes. These 3 doctors beat the hood, stealing, and jail in their neighborhood by staying positive. One thing they show in the book is how they beat the hood. For example â€Å"Quit throwin bottles in the street, man† (21). This shows how they would not let their neighborhood be destroyed and say that do not have a good neighborhood but they were ones making it bad. Also they did things that were bad but, they did not do it again. They were scared so they decide not to do it anymore. For example â€Å"We gonna jack us some ICEE’s from Jack’s† (31). They did a bad thing by trying to steal the ICEE’s from Jack’s but they learned from it and did not do it again. The 3 men also blocked another stint in jail by not doing the same thing or hanging with the bad people who got them in the whole situation. For example â€Å"Never again; I will not going to waste my life this way† (121). He is showing his determination not to go back to jail. He knows what he did and he knows how to learn from what he did. We all know that you’re supposed to learn from your mistakes and not to get caught up in what everybody else does. We sometimes forget this advice but we still choose to do these things that we regret. It helps when you do not do those things we regret again like the 3 doctors in the book. You too can beat the hood, the game, anything as long as you stay positive. Work Citation Davis, Sampson, George Jenkins, and Rameck Hunt. We Beat the Street. New York: Puffin, 2005.

Essay on Motor Learning

Essay on Motor Learning Essay on Motor Learning Motor learning – change resulting from practice in the capability for responding. Skilled performers – kinaesthetic anticipation of what might happen next, timing of responses, limb coordination. Cognitive phase – learning how to do a skill, identify sub-routines in their correct sequence, needs to practice a lot to develop the skill. Associative phase - the performer understands the basics of the skill and is in the process of refining the skill, they experience fewer errors and can detect some of them on their own. Autonomous phase – elite sportsmen and women are usually at this stage, performers can attend higher-order cognitive activities, can take individuals a long time to reach this stage. Linear curve – performance improves with practice. Negatively accelerated curve – successful early but tapered off. Positively accelerated curve – small gains early improvement in later stages. The ‘s’ shape curve – rapid l earning with gradual process. Learning plateau – observable levelling off of the learning curve. Kinaesthetic sense – feel/ movement, muscle memory. Anticipation – predicting what will happen next. Timing of responses – faster and more efficient. Limb coordination – use of hands and fingers; legs and feet. Response to cues – team mates yell at you to get/leave the ball. Rates of learners – some people take a while to learn some skills and some people can learn it really quick. Closed skill – performed in a predictable environment, allows players to plan their movement in advance, player is in control of the skill. Open skill – performed in and unpredictable environment, externally paced, performed in a constantly changing environment. Discrete skill – distinct beginning and end. Serial skills – series and definite beginning and end, combination of discrete skills. Continuous skills – no beginning and end, repetitive. Fine skills – movement of small muscle groups with high precision. Gross skills – opposite to fine skills, large muscle groups, action is less precise. Self-paced - under control of the performer, taking their time. Externally paced – dictated by surrounding environment. Feedback – info you receive about the performance of the skill either during the performance or after the skill has been completed, specific to sub-routines. Practise – mass and distributed practice, whole or part practice, mental and physical practice. Physical – massed-continuous without breaks or rests intervals, distributed-rest intervals, allows to recover, best for beginners, fixed, variable (MDF V). Motor skill – where the physical aspect of a skill is heavily emphasised, practical ability to achieve a predetermined result. Feedback – feedback given to a learner changes between the cognitive and autonomous phase will definitely change b ecause in the cognitive phase the learner will make quite a lot of mistakes and not so much when in the autonomous phase. The feedback will help the learner progress if the learner has specific

Water Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Water - Assignment Example (Song, 2010). The city of Tucson, though, tries to manage its water demand and provide water to its citizens by means of three major water sources: Colorado River water intended to be delivered to the city under CAP – Central Arizona Project, groundwater and, finally, recycling of the water. (Central Arizona Project, 2011; Song, 2010). The latter technology is a newly-developed one and is applied by means of putting of the water back to the underground for its use in the future. There is also a technique unique for Tucson: in the western part of the city, there are big water basins serving as a water supply reservoir. (Song, 2010). The biggest role plays the water from Colorado River because, firstly, it is a natural source of water and is one of the most easily available, and, secondly, because this is a renewable source. The second role belongs to the underground waters because their level decrease year by year, and they should be used responsibly. The third role, which may become the first within the next years, plays the recycling technology because it is a new approach and needs deeper research and development of skills to maximize profits of its

International Business Operations Management Term Paper

International Business Operations Management - Term Paper Example Managers are also liable for serious activities such as excellence management and control, ability planning, materials management, procure, and preparation. The significance of operations management for a new company in the market has augmented radically in latest years. Important foreign competition, shorter product, and repair life-cycles improved skilled and quality-conscious consumers, and the abilities of new technology have placed growing pressures on the operations function to get better efficiency as given that a broader array of high-quality products and services. By the globalization of markets, firms are familiar with that the operations function can be used as a spirited weapon to make stronger their location in the market place. Managers in operations management play a planned, as well as a strategic role in pleasing customer, wants and making their firms sturdy international competitors (Kotabe, M., 2003, 10-31) According to the latest analysis if a new company want to enter in the market then at least as volatile as the Middle-East situation, but not as famed in the headlines, is the appearance of worldwide operations as the main force that is reshaping the earth of commerce. By the prospect of the latest business opportunities that escort it, we need to believe how these worldwide opportunities will be communal by U.S. businesses (Kotabe, M. 2003, 107-119). Aims - To offer consumer by knowledge of product and skills in chosen techniques of operations management. - To display how the method of operations management can be used to best benefit in the production and service division operations of businesses for a new company. - To demonstrate how the resourceful completion of the techniques of operations management pressure the plan of the organization taking into thought the worldwide and right elements. - To give leadership to, and consciousness of, the pertinent limits of hypothetical work done in the market area. (Schroeder, 2005)  Ã‚  

Beer industry Essay Example for Free

Beer industry Essay This case is centred on the European brewing industry and examines how the increasingly competitive pressure of operating within global markets is causing consolidation through acquisitions, alliances and c/osures within the industry. This has resulted in the growth of the brewers reliance upon super brands. ln the first decade of the twenty-first century, European brewers faced a surprising paradox. The traditional centre of the beer industry worldwide, and still the largest regional market, Europe, was turning off beer. Beer consumption was falling in the largest markets of Germany and the United Kingdom, while burgeoning in emerging markets around the world. China, with 7 per cent annual growth, had become the largest single market by volume, while Brazilian volumes had overtaken Germany in 2005 (Euromonitor, 2006). Table 1 details the overall decline of European beer consumption. Decline in traditional to several factors. Governments key markets is due such as Tesco or Carrefour, which often use eut-priee offers on beer in order to lure people into their shops. are campaigning strongly against drunken driving, affecting the More th an one-fifth of beer volume is now sold propensity through supermarkets. to drink beer in restaurants, pubs and German retailers such as bars. There is increasing awareness of the effects of Aldi and Lidl have had considerable alcohol on health and fitness. Particularly ln the United their own private-Iabel Kingdom, there is growing hostility towards so-called beers. However, although on-trade volumes are fallin_ binge drinking, in Europe, the sales values are rising, as brewers excessive alcohol consumption in pubs and clubs. Wines have also become increasingly introduce higher-priced success with (rather th an brewery-branded premium products such popular in Northern European markets. However, as extra-cold beer consumption other hand, a good deal of this increasing demand per capita varies wic;lely between lagers or fruit-flavoured beers. On the countries, being four times higher in Germany than for premium products is being satisfied by the in Italy, for example. Some traditionally import of apparently exotic beers from overseas consumption low- European markets have been (see Table 2). showing good growth. Brewers main purchasing The drive against drunken driving and binge (accounting costs are packaging for around half of non-labour costs), ra drinking has helped shift sales from the on-trade material such as barley, and energy. The European (beer consumed on the premises, as in pubs or packaging restaurants) to the off-trade (retail). Worldwide, the industry is highly concentrated, by international companies off-trade increased from 63 per cent of volume in and Owens-Illinois 2000 to 66 per cent in 2005. The off-trade is Dutch brewer Heineken complained increasingly dominated by large supermarket chains dominat such as Crown in cans in glass bottles. During 2006, rise in packaging costs. of an 11 per c GLOBAL FORCES AND THE EUROPEAN BREWIN (JY European beer consumption by country and year (000 hectolitres) 1980 2001 2000 2002 2003 \~ 2004 7651 8627 8734 8979 8881 8970 12945 10064 5452 4024 9703 5202 4136 20629 100385 4247 5536 9935 5181 4179 21420 103105 4288 5594 9986 5282 4085 21331 100904 4181 5625 9901. NIA NIA NIA NIA 4174 9539 417 8762 16289 472 16694 445 16340 440 12213 7651 3534 20065 3935 13129 2327 6453 29151 5011 4194 57007 12922 2290 6276 31126 4932 11985 2420 5948 30715 4998 4127 59384 6698 2738 23745 89820 land =-ance 3ennanyt NIA 3reece ay* :::ortugal ::Jain : eden : vitzerland 4433 65490 -~ n-EU countries; t1980 excludes 4141 58234 4862 4370 20200 95639 21168 97107 3905 5315 17452 94994 NIA NIA NIA 5~6 17194 17340 NIA NIA 12687 2490 6266 373 12771. 2270 6008 33451 4969 4334 60302 12747 NIA 6224 NIA NIA 4635 4262 59195 4566 NIA NIA GOR. Figures adjusted. rce: www. Brewersofeurope. org. able 2 Imports of beer by country Acquisition, tria = =elf1ce 3ennany .. 5reece _and Imports 2004 (% of consumption or production » =algium ~:; mark and Imports 2002 (% of consumption untry or production) 5. 1 4. 74 2. 6 2. 3 23 3. 1 4. 1 NIA 27. 15 NIA 3. 2 5. 4 :oain 1. 1 11. 7 : eden NIA : 15. 4 10. 9 titzerland 3 licensing and strategie alliances have ail occurred as the leading brewers battle ta control the market. There are global pressures for consolidation due ta overcapacity within the industry, the need ta contain costs and benefits of leveraging 6. 4 strong brands. For example, Belgian brewer Interbrew 10. 2 NIA purchased parts of the old Bass Empire, Becks and 7. 3 31 Whitbread in 2001 and in 2004 announced a merger with Am Bev, the Brazilian brewery group, ta create 4 the largest brewer in the world, InBev. The second NIA NIA largest brewer, the American Anheuser-Busch, 37 38. 4 14. 4 2002, South African Breweries acquired the Miller has been investing in China, Mexico and Europe. ln Group (USA) and Pilsner Urquell in the Czech NIA NIA NIA Republic, becoming fast-growing SABMilier. Sm aller players in Chinese and South American markets are being snapped up by the large international 18 15. 6 12. 3 brewers tao. Medium-sized is withdrawing Australian brewer Fosters from direct participation in many international . port figures do not include beers brewed under licence in home ntry; countries vary in measuring 3ource: www. brewersofeurope. org. % of production or consumption. markets, for example selling its European brand-rights ta Scottish Newcastle. Table 3 lists the worlds top 10 brewing companies, accounted which for around half of world beer volumes. There remain many small specialist and regionalca ~ CH APTER 2 THE ENVIRONMENT Table 3 The worlds top 10 brewery companies by volume: 2005 Company Share global Country of origin volume (%) sales in 2005 of â‚ ¬313m, it is less than a twentieth of the size of Heineken. Its key products include Grolsch premium lager and new flavoured beers (Grolsch lemon and Grolsch pink grapefruit). ln The Netherlands InBev 10. 8 Brazil-Belgium Anheuser-Busch 9. 4 USA SABMilier. 7. 3 South Africa (relocated to UK) Grolsch holds the rights for the sale and distribution of the valued US Miller brand. About half its sales are obtained overseas, either through export or licensing of production: the United Kingdom is its Heineken 5. 7 Netherlands second largest market. ln 2005, Grolsch centralised Morelo 2. 9 Mexico its own production Carlsberg 2. 9 Oenmark to increase efficiency and volume, and opened a Coors 2. 6 USA sm ail additional TsingTao. 2. 4 China Baltic Brewery Holdings 2. 2 Oenmark/UK Asahi 2. 1 Japan on a single new Dutch brewery trial brewery in order to support innovation. Innovation and branding are core to the companys strategy. The company believes that its strong and Source: Euromonitor International, The World Brewing Industry. distinctive beers can succeed in a market of increased homogenisation. Brewers, such as the Dutch company Grolsch (see below) or the British Cobra Beer, originating in the Indian restaurant market. Its brand is reinforced by its striking green bottles and its unique swing-tops. InBev (Belgium/Brazil) InBev was created in 2004 from the merger of Belgian InterBrew and Brazilian AmBev. With a turnover of Four brewing companies â‚ ¬13. 3bn in 2006, it is the largest brewer in the world, Heineken (The Netherlands) different countries. Heineken is the biggest of the European brewery include Becks and Stella Artois. Through a series of businesses, and has three-quarters acquisitions, holding number one or number two positions in 20 of its sales in the region. Total sales in 2006 were â‚ ¬11. 8bn (EBbn). About 5 per cent of sales are in Asia-Pacific and Its well-known international brands InBev has become the second largest brewer in China. The company is frank about its strategy: to 17 per cent of sales are in the Americas. The transform companys the world to the best. It aims to do this by building biggest brands are Heineken itself and Amstel. The company remains a family-controlled itself from the biggest brewing company in strong global brands and increasing efficiency. business, which it claims gives it the stability and Efficiency gains will come from more central independence coordination to pursue steady growth internationally. Heinekens strategy overseas is to use locally acquired comparues as a means of introducing of purchasing, from the optimisation the including media and IT; of its inherited network of breweries; and from the sharing of best practice Heineken brand to new markets. It aims to strengthen across sites internationally. local companies continue, InBev is now emphasising technology. by transferring expertise and The result is to create economies of scale Although acquisitions organic growth and improved margins from its existing businesses. for both the local beers and K~ineken. Heinekens four priorities for action are to accelerate revenue growth, Scottish and Newcastle (UK) to improve efficiency and cost reduction, to speed Scottish and Newcastle is a European-focused up strategy implementation and to focus on those markets where the company believes it can win. brewing group based in Edinburgh. ln 2005, its turnover was f:3. 9bn (â‚ ¬5. 5bn). Its key brands include John Smiths, Kronenbourg, Grolsch (The Netherlands) Royal Grolsch NV is a medium-size brewing group, established Kanterbrau, Baltika and (in Europe) Fosters. It is the fourth largest brewer in international in 1615. With overall Europe in volume terms, and market leader in the UK, France and Russia. The company has made many GLOBAL FORCES AND THE EUROPEAN BREWING INDUSTRY . ions in the UK (including Bulmers eider), . Greece and Finland. The groups 50 per cent ent in Baltic Beverages has given it exposure fast-growing ic countries. markets of Russia, Ukraine and ln China, Scottish and Newcastle a 20 per cent stake in CBC, the countrys brewery. ln India, the companys les is the countrys fifth United largest brewer, with the _- her brand. ln the USA, Scottish and Newcastle second largest importer of foreign beers. The , -r-,ny emphasises the development of innovative emium beers, and is closing down its more rent breweries. Questions 1 Using the data from the case (and any other sources available), carry out for the European brewing industry (i) a PESTEL analysis and (ii) a five forces analysis. What do you conclude? 2 For the four breweries outlined above (or breweries of your own choice) explain: (a) how these trends will impact differently on these different companies; and (b) the relative strengths and weaknesses of each company.

Submarines in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars Essay -- American Ameri

Submarines in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars The Trident Submarine houses twenty-four nuclear warheads with each having a range of 4,600 miles over land. If a nuclear war were to break out between the Soviet Union and the United States, virtually every major city could be destroyed in a matter of hours. The origin of these major players in modern day warfare lies in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. A Dutchman named Cornelus Van Drebbel, made the very first submarine in 1652, to fight the mighty Spanish ship called the Rotterdam Boat. It carried about twelve oarsmen and even had an air circulator. It never saw any action. In the American Revolutionary War, a manned underwater craft named the American Turtle (or the "water-machine") was used against the British Navy. David Brushnell designed this ingenious machine in 1771. The submarine was a one manned, egg-shaped vessel which was propelled by hand-operated screw-like devices. It was bottom-heavy in order for it to remain upright. The operator would plant a submersible mine that could be triggered by a simple clockwork mechanism. He could paddle away after he attached the magazine of gunpowder onto the enemy ship. The operator could stay under for about thirty minutes The American Turtle was ready for her initial mission on September 6, 1776, just after midnight in the New York Harbor. The operator, Ezra Lee, failed in his attempt to sink the HMS Eagle because he failed to secure the screw of the gunpowder magazine to the ship. The Turtle made two more attempts to sink enemy ships but they both failed. The end of the American Turtle is unknown. Some think she was accidentally sunk, dismantled, or destroyed. The Turtle was the very first submarine to be used in the... ...come of the Revolutionary War. The submarines in the Civil War were very unimportant as well. Only one ship, the Housatonic, was sunk by the hands of a submarine in the entire war. The Southern navy did not even put much stock into submarine warfare because they only built a couple during the entire war. So overall, submarines were of no significance during either the Revolutionary War or the Civil War. But, these early developments of the submarine were extremely important because they lead to the later more advanced submarines that were used in future wars in which they did play a major role in. For example, in World War II, German U-boats terrorized the sea and played an important role in World War II. These, and others like the modern day Tridents, would not of exist if it were not for the early developments of submarines during the Civil and Revolutionary Wars.

Honor Killing of Muslim Women

Honor Killings of Muslim Women Introduction Killings in the name of honor are undoubtedly a disaster, an unlawful act, a terror against humanity. Honor Killings of Muslim women is an antique trend followed in Islam in which male members of family and social community deliberately kill women and girls of their family or tribes as a result of belief that they have conducted any shameful act and ruined the reputation of family or tribe. Honor Killings in Muslims has been inherited from the ancient tribal days of 1200 BC when no major religion was came into being thus honor killing has no direct relation to Religion.The concept of Honor Killings has developed as a result of several attitudes in culture based on classes and background, and religious groups, where women is considered as a property of men and possess no rights. The alleged degradation is mostly based upon suspicions only and these suspicious behaviors include unacceptable style of dressing, willingly marrying anyone by own choice particularly with someone who belongs to opposing community or tribe, conducting immoral sexual acts, or even engaging in homosexual acts.Statistics show that about 20000 women become victim of honor killing every year particularly in Asia and Middle East (Fisk. R. , 2010, n. d. ). Honor Killing in the name of religion is the most hideous crimes and it is still occurring in most part of the worlds due to perceived shameful acts in the eyes of men and such tragic events have very valuable lesson in it for the educated and mature people. DiscussionPakistan, the Islamic republic country, is deliberated as one of the most harmful and dangerous country for women to live in because of growing rate of crime in form of honor killing and other related valiances. According to a survey conducted in this regard, it was discovered that Pakistan was the fifth largest country in which women were killed for dowry and honor. Islam and law both prohibits in punishing victims unless there sin i s proved and honor killings take place on the basis of doubts and suspicions of men and groups.On the contrary Islam teaches to avoid punishment if there is a scope and does not consider pregnancy as an evidence of shameful sexual act. This is unfortunate that such terrible acts are false fully supported by few Islamic scholars who tend to justify these activates with respect to Islam. For instance; as per the saying of the Messenger of God in Islam that one should stop the crime with his own hands if he/she see it happening. These kinds of statements are misperceived by these scholars and play a vital role in encouraging honor killings of Women.These scholars promote the point of view of taking law into hands and treating women as an object (Mufti. N. M. et al. , 2012, pp. 180-185). One of the popular examples set by the honor-killing victim named as Mukhtar Mai from Punjab, Pakistan, whose brother was claimed of raping a girl from upper caste family, thus, it was decided by the tr ibe to punish her bother in form of a revenge in which Mukhtar Mai was raped by a gang in order to satisfy the other party and then was forced to commit suicide, so that her family restore their pride and honor.But Mukhtar Mai decided not to kill her self rather to fight against injustice. She belonged to a poor and illiterate culture, which was a real hindrance in her case and today she is running a school for women to educate them to raise voice against honor killings and injustice. She is a true figure for women in Pakistan who have been gang raped, spoiled faces with acid, and ripped nose as a result of Honor killings’ activities (Parker. H. , 2007, pp. 507-508).As per statistics, 300 women were found to be killed for honor in 1997 in Pakistan, 23 murders on average are done for sake of honor in Jordon every year, 36 honor crimes were occurred in Lebanon from 1996 to 1998 in small cities and villages, 400 women were murdered in Yemen and 52 such crimes were reported in Eg ypt in 1997. Whereas, acid attacks increased from 47 to 200 in Bangladesh and 5000 women are murdered by their in laws per year in India as a result of Honor Killings.Honor Crimes are also witnessed in European and Western Countries’ Immigrants communities. Because many women are unable to communicate to the state authority of the honor abuses due to linguistic issues. Such list of countries includes Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and UK. For instance, UK has witnessed 20 such deaths of women in the past five years due to honor crimes. India is a country which has sever traditions that are practiced even to date these include burning brides for sake of dowry, acid attacks, rapes and gang rapes, sexual harassments, illing and raping young girls etc and these apply to both Muslim and Hindu women in their culture. No matter how modernize a women becomes, but such kind of norm against women hardly changes (Tripathi. A. & Yadav. S. , 2005, pp. 63-78). Lessons Learned It is understood th at people who indulge into Honor killings of Women and girls have emotional attachment with their views, belief, culture and religion. They consider such issues as a matter of pride and respect. In order to hinder such acts I believe one has to take serious actions.According to my knowledge and understanding about the underlined topic, publishing and distributing actual Islamic sayings with references can reduce honor killings, more education should be given to people from all classes that marrying some one willingly is not a reason to kill anyone, print media and television should broadcasts open debates on these issues which are often avoided as a taboo, I believe one can use the mosque (A religious place of worship for Muslims) as a platform to educate illiterate people and notify them that it’s a crime, Government itself should contribute and initiate movements against such acts wherever honor killings are taken place in Muslim World. I believe it is everyone’s res ponsibility to stop this activity and nip the evil in the bud wherever witnessed for sake of saving humanity and women’s rights (Mufti. N. M. et al. , 2012, pp. 180-185). I believe such victims in case of survival should be provided with psychological rehabilitation and mental support.Encouraging people who so ever witness these crimes to report immediately to the concerned authority. Government should provide financial aid to NGOs who are continuously working for this cause. Both boys and girls should be educated about equal human rights from the childhood (Tripathi. A. & Yadav. S. , 2005, pp. 63-78). Conclusion Honor Killings of Muslim women in the name of religion is just a means of escape for men, communities, tribal groups who believe in their so called norms, culture, tradition and values. Such terrible acts occur in almost every country where Muslims with conservative thinking are residing and they believe that women are just n object whose activities may affect their reputation severely.These acts should be stopped by law and religious teachings. Concerned authorities should take serious actions against criminals involved in honor killing and punish them strictly. Works Cited Fist. R. The Crime wave that shames the world. The Independent. (2010) Web. 11 Oct. 2012. < http://www. independent. co. uk> Mufti. N. M. et al. Honor Killing in Pakistan: An Islamic Perspective. Asian Social Science. vol 8 no. (10) (2012) pp. 180-185 Parker. H. Reviews: Killing Women for honor. Contemporary Review. (2007) pp. 507-508. Tripathi. A. & Yadav. S. For the Sake of honor: But Whose Honor? Honor Crimes Against Women. Asia Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law. vol 2 (2005) pp. 63-78.

Compare the characters and beliefs of Lenin and Stalin Essay

1: Compare the characters and beliefs of Lenin and Stalin. Both Lenin and Stalin had similar characters, they were very ambitious in terms of politician as they always aimed to achive more and more, they would do everything whatà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s in their power to be much more powerful than they were already, this power would give them pore strengh within their posts. This ambition could be determined. Along their lives they had always someone hanging around them to take advantage of any possible opportunity to get nearer and nearer of becoming their most dilligent and efficient workers. Lenin and Stalin had colleagues and followers rather than friends. A clear example which justifies this fact is that Stalin itself was always beside Lenin in order to become his successor. We can argue that both of them gave entirely to politics no matter for what they were fighting for, if it was beneficial or not to Russia, but at the same time it is to say that if someone who suggested their capability or qualities as a leader they would have serious problems. Overall they were both very humourless. Evidence which proves my idea is that almost everyone did whay ever they wanted them to do, their supporters were committed to do what both Lenin and Stalin told them to do, if they didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t obey their orders they could be involved in serious problems with them. Not only they could be punished severely but they also used the terror, especially Stalin. No one could even disagree with them, everyone had to demonstrate that they were doing the correct things at all times. They stopped others to express themselves and their personal opinions. Generally people who opposed them were arrested, and perhaps send to prison. Lenin and Stalin, have demonstrated that they were intolerant, evident information to support this fact is the stubborn mind they were constructed of, and all was to be done immediately and whenever they wished to, not only they were possed by an intolerant character they were also very ruthless, especially Stalin who changed radically and became a ruthless politician. Despite the fact that Stalin reveal and developed much more this à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ quality,à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ we can prove this statement as reliable information due to their ruthless methods and terror to stay in power. However they did not lack ability or at least thatà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s what they showed us. One of the key points which allowed them to stay in power apart from having clear ideas since they were the leaders was their excellent leadership qualities. The strong leadership helped the Soviet Union to win the Second world War. Despite all these similarities they obviously had clear differences. Stalin showed to be personally ambitious, whereas Lenin didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t reach up to that extend, Lenin was modest and not personally ambitious. Stalin was both. Evidence which proves that Stalin was in fact too ambitious, is when he aimed to have the entire control over everything and everyone, he wanted to control peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s minds. The power was one thing with which Stalin gave his most to achieve it. We can also spot out, Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s rudeness, I can back up this information from the fact that Stalin in a state of anger had the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bravenessà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of insulting Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s wife, or at least thatà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s what Lenin said. Although Lenin could also insult someone in a state of anger he had demonstrated to be a little less rude. Lenin was regarded as having excellent qualities as a speaker. Stalin sometimes showed to obey this quality, but at the same time he was not an intellectual or an inspiring speaker such as Lenin. The difference is that Lenin did reflect this quality fully, he showed more co-ordination. A nother difference to add to this list is that Lenin proved to be a very good speaker, evidence for this is when he made that speech demanding for various conditions, later it became known as the April Theses. Lenin argued that there should be a second revolution ( socialist revolution ), but obviously determined. Stalin lacked of patience, loyalty, politness and he wasnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t consirate towards anyone except himself, although Lenin did obey some of this points he wasnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t rude and demonstrated in various ways that he had some manners, or at least he didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t go insulting other peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s wifes and he also was a loyal man. As part of Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s character we may say that he was a modest man, although Stalin didinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t lack this à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½qualityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ he was in less proportions a modest man. It was Stalin more than Lenin who had organised and expanded the Communist Party so that it could rule this empire. The result was a cruel distatorship which moulded the careers of all the future leaders of the Soviet Union. In terms of beliefs, this section could divide in two parts. In first place the common beliefs they had and in second place in what they disagreed. The similarities these two figures had were in first place the use of terror that Stalin and Lenin employed as a political weapon in different circumstances: Lenin resorted to terror when the Bolshevik regime was fighting for survival, but at the same time of Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s purges there was no major internal thereat to the regime. Both of them believed in Communism, Socialism and in Revolution. Evidence which proves this believe of revolution was when for example Lenin argued that there should be a second revolution due to that demanding speech he made, known as the April Theses. Stalin and Lenin seemed to have not much confident in the Russians because thay unbelieved that the russians could build a Communist State in the USSR without the help of the people from outside. Another clear similarity between Lenin and Stalin is that they only believed in themselfs, they didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t put up with oppositon and refused to work with the people. Generally, they knew how to support opposition.Adding to this that they were prepared to see people die in order to stay in power, I can back up this information from the fact that Stalin introduced the collectivisation policy, without taking in account what people thought about this idea. The differences these two figures had were: At all time Lenin showed that his actions and principles were the principles of the people, totally different from Stalin who in most times showed that he only aimed to obtain his own benefits. I can back up this information from the fact that he had no consideration at the time of introducing the collectivisation policy which ended with thousands of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s lives, and this was not all, he knew from the start that many peasants opposed the idea, but he didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t care. Another clear difference is that Lenin was committed to one-party rule, but, unlike Stalin, he did not ( and did not seek to ) exercise a personal dictatorship. Lenin had good political judgement, whereas Stalin couldnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t see much further from his ambitious aim of becoming more powerful without caring about the Russians, he did everything which was in his power to meet his proposals. Lenin had ideals which he never fully abandned, Stalin could change his mind very quickly. Lenin strongly believed that the revolutionaries had to be rock hard. Lenin believed strongly in the NEP, whereas Stalin only said to outmanoevre his opponents. Afterwards, Stalin later abandoned the NEP. 2: Assess the impact that Lenin had on Russia and the Russian people. For the Russian people we must say that Lenin took the right path when he decided to introduce the NEP. He introduced the NEP in order to improve the economic situation in Russia. Otherwise the Communists would not be able to survive. Lenin said that the NEP would give the Soviet Union a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ breathing spaceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to get back on his feet. The Nepmen set up restaurants and made enormous amounts of money. The majority realised that these measures were needed to revive industry and get more food production, therefore the shortages of food would be temporaly stopped until they would recover completely, so food would be no more rationed. The NEP brought: Grain requisitioning was stopped and no longer would grain be taken from the peasants by force, which was excellent. Information which proves the grain increase is that in 1913 the cattle production was os 58.9 millions and in 1925 it was recordered of 62.1 millions, taking in account that in 1922 it was of 45.8 million. From 1925 the Kulaks could hire people to work for them. Also, private trde and traders were allowed (NEP men.)Lenin called the heavy industry and transport the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½commanding heights of the economyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Businessmen could take advantage of the situation because they could set up small, privetely own factories and workshops. Furtheremore, a new currency was introduced backed by gold. The NEP lasted until 1928 and Russia generally became more prosperous. Undoubtedly the NEP played a big role in improving the general economic situation. Living conditions in Russia had enormously improved in the past two years. Evidenci which proves the success of the Nep because it was estimated that upward of 250,000 private traders have migrated to Moscow since the NEP was introduced. The NEP leaded to an increase of harvests and food production, foreign trade did also see an increase. In general the workers were happier because bonuses and wages increase therefore they were becoming richer. reduced inflation and working conditons were better off. Due to the NEP the relationship between the government and the peasants improved. Adding to this the improvement in transport because it was helped by the import of a thousand locomotives from Sweden and Germany. The population in general felt more prosperous. Another positive aspect Lenin did during his rule was the Labour Law he introduced. This entitled eight-hour day this meant that workers had much more freedon in concentrating in their personal lives and they were able to spent more time with their families. Workers could have two weeks paid holiday each year. They also had insurance benefits such as sich pay, unemployment was also paid in order to allow workers continue feeding their respectives families, furthermore there was old age pensions. This Law did in fact benefit all the workers who some of them saw this as a motivation, and all carried out their taks efficiently and obediently. Without this Law workers would have had to suffer much more than some of them did,before this Law was introduced workers had a lot of economic problems and many workers and their respectives families died because they had no money to pay for food. This Law was a firmly evidence that demonstrated that Lenin did also thought about the workers future. Despite all these good things Lenin did also brought pain for the Russian people. Action which proves this information is the War Communism which later lead to the Civil War. The real question is why? Lenin was to run the government and to organise food and industrial production in the Red – area. It was mainly introduced because it was crucial to keep the Red Army supplied, so to keep this, Lenin adopted the policy of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½War Communism.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We could consider a few aspects of War Communism. In first place, all factories with more tham ten workers were nationalised – government controlled it, furtheremore the Vesenkha decided what each industry produced. The government imposed his authority and had all the workres under his control. In factories there was military discipline including the death penalty for strikers. Another important aspect is that the unemployed people joined the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Labour Armies.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Peasants had to give their surplus food to the government and they could not sell a profit, and private trading was banned. The government allowed money to lose its value through inflation, abolished rents, railway fares, postal charges and many other payments. It is to say that the peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s response was quite negative. Inside the Communist Party, a group called the Workerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Opposition called for the trade unions to be given back the freedom they had lost under War Communism. The sailors who had always been the stongest supporters of the revolution, so their discontent with the Communists rule that they put forward a series of demands. War Communism lead to: Civil War. The 30 May 1918,the Communists found themselves under attack. They only controlled a small part of Russia and their enemies were determined that they should not remain in power for long. This was the beginning of a vicious civil war which was to tear Russia apart. The struggle was between the Reds (Bolsheviks or Communists)and the Whites(opponents of the Bolsheviks – nobles, democrats, Mensheviks and Socialist.) The reds only aim was to stay in power so that they could build the new Socialist Society. Th whites aim was to defeat the Bolsheviks. The Whites had the advantage of support from foreign powers suh as Britain, France, Japan and the USA, along with several other countries. Their governments did not want to see Bolshevism spread out in Europe. By the end of 1918 the Civil War was not going well for the Reds, they suffered a series of defeats.It was in the middle of 1919 that the real test came, by this time the Reds began to succeed. 1919 was decisive. Despite the fact that the Reds were not going well since the Civil War started they won it. Partly because they controlled Moscow, Petrograd and other major industrial cities. People saw them as defending Russiaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s national interest against the foreign powers which were supporting the Whites AND the Whites ha no single leader nor a set unified aims other than the defeat of the Bolsheviks. In general both sides were in guilty of atrocities. With both War Communism and the Civil War,brought loads of pain to the Russians. War Communism lead to many major problems. In the towns Lenin put in his own managers, and strict discipline was imposed on the workers. Trade Unions were not allowed, and workers were prevented from leaving the cities. Furtheremore, food was rationed and people could only get a ration card if they were working. The only other possible way of getting food was through the illegal Black Market.In the countryside there was adesperate need of getting food for the workers, since the peasants were unwilling to sell their grain for money which had no value. Many peasants decided to produce less grain, because they thought it would simply be taken away. So the situation got worse. Overall this was a shedow of thr Red terror. People opposing the government were arrested and shot withour trial or sent to labour camps. Many workers and peasants began to think that the workerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s state was worse than the government of the Tsar which they had been so pleased to get rid of. Despite the fact that Russia had been affected with both negative and positive actions which Lenin did, we have to analyse the consequences (bad and good) Lenin provoked to Russia. In first place, I will analyse the bad things he brought for Russia. War Communism lead to a disatrous results. By 1921, the economy of Russia was in ruins. In dustrial production had fallen disastrously under War Communism. The cities were in chaos. Adding to this that agirculture also collapsed. Grain requestioning had led to low harvests which at the same time led to famine. Evidence which proves that industrial output felled was that in 1913 there was 29 millions of tons of coal and by 1921 it had fallen to 9 million tons or even electicity which by 1913 there was 2039 million kWH and by 1921 therewas just 520 million kWH. Even more a massive international aid corporation was mounted. Lenin had promised to end the War. And he did. But at what cost? Yes, Lenin got his peace but his poor judgement and obsession with ending the War lead to a very harsh treaty, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory was to obtain peace at any price, this was an idea which Lenin took too far. Lenin sent Trotsky to meet the Germans to negotiate a peace treaty. Trotsky walked out of the talks because the Germans demanded too much territory. He said there would be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½no peace, no war.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ However,Lenin sent him back, because he was sure that the Bolsheviks would stay in power only if the war could be ended quickly. The result was a harsh Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.Lenin would do everuthing whatà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s in his power to achieve his proposals. Russia suffered a lot since the treaty was signed because due to this treaty Russia lost: 62 million people, which meant one-sixth of the population,which at the same time meant a loss in general production which would then lead to famine. Russia also lost 27% of farm land, some of the best in Russia. It also meant a 26% of railways and a 74% of iron ore and coal. This treaty only brought more pain to the russian country, so thins went even worse. This reflects Lenin political ambition to aim more amd more in order to meet his proposals. Things went so wrong that Lenin now had the sailors who had been their supporters at all times were now going against them. This was mainly because Lenin established a dictatorship therefore the sailors were now opposing them. They said that à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½life under the yoke of the Communists dictatorship has become more terrible than death.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As we all know the Red Kronatadters had been strong supporters of the Bolsheviks during the 1917 Revolution. By 1921 things changed, these were not the same men. After anlaysing the negative side that Lenin adopted towards the country, we have to say the positive aspects he toook in order to make Russia a developed country in all terms. We have to say that the NEP was one thing he did correctly. With the NEP Russia generally became more prosperous, the NEP played a very important role in improving the general economic situation. Apart from all the industrial, agricultural benefits this lead to, one of the main important things was electrification. Electrification was one step forward. Lenin was enthusiastic with the idea of technological innovation and saw electric power as the key to modernising the Soviet Union. He gave a great network of power station which would provide the power for modern large-scale industry. Lenin believed electric power would change things so much that he said that.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Soviet power plus electrification equals Communism.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another very important aspect of the NEP was the foreign trade, the NEP encouraged foreign countries, which had refused to trade with Soviet Russia before 1921. Western countries hoped that the move back to private trade and profit – capitalism – meant the failure of Communists ideas. An Anglo – Soviet trade agreement in 1921 marked the beginning of increased trade with the West which gave a great boost to the Soviet economy. There were exchanges of Western industrial goods for the Russians oil and similar products. Thse were some examples which back up the idea that the NEP had been successful. Lenin demonstrated with the April Theses that he would sopport the Bolsheviks for ever. Lenin changed the whole course of the revolution. The Germans were pleased to see him, hoping that he could cause trouble for the Russian government. They gave him money and put him in a special sealed train which the destinaton was Petrograd. The Germans were right. Lenin did cause a stir and he did make trouble. The first thing Lenin did when he arrived was a speech demanding four main issues. He said that there should be no co – operation with the Provisional Government. Lenin demanded that war should be ended immediately. Furtheremore the land should be given to the peasants, and the final point, Lenin had been clear enough to understand his demands, that the Soviets should take power. These points in Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s speech were later written up as the April Theses, in which Lenin argued there should be a second revolution. Lenin died in January 1924, aged 53. Lenin had been in poor health since an assasination attempt in 1918. In 1922 Lenin suffered the first of a series of strokes and from that time onwards it was clear that he was dying. He could work but his role became less and less influential. After Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s death, a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Lenincultà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ developed in Soviet Russia. His image was everywhere, in statues, plaques and posters. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honour. Some loyal Communists in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s even christened their newborn daughters à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ninelà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- Lenin spelt backwards. Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s body was not buried but was put on a display in a specially built MAUSOLEUM. The à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Lenin cultà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ survived for as long as Soviet Russia itself. Later in the 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s a biography of Lenin called him à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the greatest genious of all times and of all nations, master of all the treasures of human knowledge.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This acts revealed the complete love and admiration the Russians felt towards him. Despite all the bad things he did he was considered as a superior human being. 3: Assess the impact that Stalin had on Russia and the Russian people. For the country, Stalin introduced the collectivisation policy, which was a great disater. Agriculture was still backwars. Most farms were small, because of the way land had been shared out after the Revolution. The idea was that they worked together and share everything, including what the farm produced. Some of the produce would be sold to the state at a lowprice and , in return, the state would provide agricultural machinery such as tractors, and help the peasants to farm more efficiently. Most of the peasants opposed the ideas because thay werenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t sure of having enough bread to eat. With they other system they were sure that they wonà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t starve because they kept all what they prodUced and they didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t had to share with anyone. Peasants like the feeling of independance. Knowing all this Stalin didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t even bother to analyse the situation before taking a decision. He knew from the strart that many peasants oppose the idea of collectivisation, but he didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t care. The evidence that shows this error are the disastrous results. Factories were making very few goods for sale in the shops. Things were expensive an had to be rationed. There was a lot of discontent within the Russian inhabitants. Furtheremore there was a strict code of labour discipline and tough punishments. Central planning was not very efficient, some of the goods produced were almost unusable because they had been turned out so quickly by untrained workers. In general collectivisation was a huge mistake. In order to prove that Stalin was too selfish and ambtitious, it is to say that he used force, terror and persuassion to achieve his proposals. One sign of terror were the purges, the omly aim of this purges was to get rid of all the people who might oppose him, particularly the Bolsheviks who had been important in the past. Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s method was to accuse them for the murders of the people, such as Kirivà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s deathe who Stalin accused Kamenev and Ziniviev. Afterwards they were put on a trial, in view of the world, which were called the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½show trials,à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½which were broadcast on radio. Getting confessions was imporatant. Confessions showed that the state and Stalin were right – a conspiracy did exist. Denouncing was a good way of accusing people. Denounciations usually led to arrest nd torture. Under torture, people often made confessions implicating others, who would then be arrested in their return. Once more the purges were a symbol of Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s cruelty and evilness with what he was characterised. This symbol represents the panic and terror he introduced in the russians and that he would obtain the whole control of eveything and everyone no matter at what cost, or who had to die in response. Stalin was prepared to see people die. The purges tooj away thousands of deaths. Evenmore, Stalin got rid of some of the Soviet Unionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s best brains, such as Bukharin, who Stalin considered as a threat. He also got rid of the best thinkers, writers, artists who could have produced brilliant work in many fields. If all these deaths wouldnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t have been carried out, probably Russia hadnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t had to confront so many problems. We can know focus on the some of the positive things Stalin gave Russia. First of all, Stalin managed to turn Russia into a powerful nation, modern industrial in 30 years. Despite all the problems there had been with the collectivisation policy, Stalin was able to recover Russia from economic, industrial and agricultural dilemmas. Stalin also gave Russia some hopes, with the industrial policy. Stalin ended the NEP and began a series of Five Year Plans. These plans were highly ambitious. Since the aim was to make Russia powerful, the Plans concentrated on heavy industry, like in iron and steel, hydroelectricity and coal – mining. The second Plan was to develop transport. Thousands of dirty traks were turned into metaled rocks. New waterawys and airports, these airports allowed to travel the length and Breadth of the country. This second Plan gave industry top priority. It is to mention that communications became important to link cities and industrial centres. The third Plan ran 3 years, when Russia entered the Second World War,at the same time ended with the German invasion in 1941. Stalin reintroduced single managers to run the state enterprises and factories. The ides of work was left behind. Managers which did well were highly rewarded. Magnitogorsk built in the Urals and Western Siberis, were rich in minerals. To encourage people, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Stakhanovitesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gave honours and extra rations. This policy of industrialisation saved Russia in the Second World War. For the Russians we have also to analyse both negative and positive things Stalin brought. In terms of bad points, he introduced the terror and fear within the Russiaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s inhabitants. One way of making the russians suffer was through the workers therefore their respective families would also suffer their problems. Stalin kept wages low, and were usually used as incentives. Wages were usually paid according to how much was produced. Skilled workers could get up four times the wages of their unskilled comrades, which was an unfair thing to do. Stain also punished the workers. Not all people responded to propaganda campaigns, and measures were introduced to deal with slackers. The fear of being accused of sabotage and sent to labour camps encouraged workers to carry out their tasks obediently. There was also a strict code of discipline with tough punishments such as absenteeism. Another important aspect to consider was the idea Stalin had in case that things werenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t wrong, he would in return blame the workers.The labour camps knwn as Gulags, were at the centre of Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s programme of terror. People feared being sent to them almost as much as being shot. Few survived the harsh conditions there which meant distroyed families. The conditions were severe in extreme. The Gulags took the peasants accused of being kulaks or who resisted collectivisation and the workers accused of sabotage and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½wrecking,à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which was common by those days. These people were often used as forced labour to clear ground for industrial towns or for big projects. Things werenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t so wrong that after the purges began, the labour camps were filled up with political prisioners. There were also womanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and childrenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s camps. Education laws one problem the Russians had to suffer. Education was strictly controlled. Old forms of discipline and examinations had been abolished. This created unruly, poorly educated puplis. One way it had been reflected Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s importance was through education. As history was particularly important, as the 1930à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s went on, it was rewritten to suit Stalin. Whatà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s more significant is the simple issue that Stalin had a book. Due to the strict control some of the childrens remaind unskilled and without too much knowledge, thismeant that in a future those children would find it dificult to find a job. Employment was a very important matter, and if you were unemplyed you would hardly find one which suited to their ability. In the positive aspects there was two main issues, the industrial policy and the living standards began to rise. The government put a lot of resources into building and health service. This favoured the peole and even les people were left without shelter. Housing was not a problem any more, and in general the population was happy of having somewhere to live. The industrial policy was what Russia needed to recover well from the collectivisation policy. This was in general a great success and brought hopes within the Russians. Weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve also got to spot out that there were advances in medicine, which meant that heakth care was being supervised in detail and therefore the death rate decreased due to those advances, which also led to a general happiness so it was a good way of keeping people healthy. A field in which Stalin seemed a bit interested was in the leisure activity. Sport and fitness were encouraged to improve the general health of men and women. Trade unions and collective farms played a big role in providing clubs,sports facilities, film shows, festivals and general entertainment. If we sum all these aspects we may see that ,although, Stalin didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t worry about the Russian, we must admit that he showed to be worried about them, and introduced many leisure innovations, this would keep the Russians happy, and for a while they wouldnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t protest. Coming from Stalin this was a great success and improvement. 4: Who do you think was the more important figure in Russian history, Lenin or Stalin? Explain your answer. Before judging who had the better impact, if that means the most important, we have to make an overall view and see who gave Russia the best facilities and needs and who caused the less impact for both Russia and the Russian people. I canà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t make a precise overview of who was the most important because I didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t lived in those days, and I think that you can never make a judgement of a person reliying your opinion in some information. The information we have nowadays about these two figures isnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t enogh to determine who was the most important of the two, but having the information we have previously seen, I will try to create a fair judgement of both Lenin and Stalin. So we canà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t be at all harsh at the time of analysing each of them. We only have to be a bit realistic and give your sincere opinion of both of them, and come to a fair conclusion with the information provided. In a way we have enough information of who and what things they separat ely did wrong along their lives, as politicians and leaders of Russia. If more important means who had the better impact, it is to say that both Lenin and Stalin were prepared to see millions of Russians suffer and die for their ideals. Basing my opinion on the facts, the information provides, we can come to the conclusion that Stalin was a violent man and his policy of solving problems was through terror, fear and violence. If the suspicions of the people who thought that Stalin was the intellectual murderer of the people who opposed him, and sometimes the direct murderer, is true, I would personally think that Stalin had a twisted mind. In terms of good things, I think that both Lenin and Stalin did more or less the same for their country, although, the industrial policy of Stalin had been one of the most important issue. Historians have given different interpretations of Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s rule of Russia between 1917 and 1924. Often, these are connected with the political views of the historians. Soviet and Marxists historians have praised Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s achievements as the founder of the Soviet state; for them, he could do no wrong. Historians in the West have mixed views. Some have seen him as a tyrant who seized power for his own ends and inflicted terrible suffering on th Russian people. A clear evidence that may show to who did the Russians adore and appreciate most, is just the one issue that after Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s death Petrograd was remaned Leningrad. So, despite the fact that Lenin also did things wrong, the people had demonstrated the opposite thing. Whereas the historians only have one opinion of Stalin, they believe he carried with the work of Lenin, and that he took things further. I personally think that Lenin brought more hopes to the Russians but at the same time they were very close together of doing the same things, it was balanced. Or if the most important means the who had the negative impact, I seriously think that they were very similar in a way. But when we look and compare these two figures I have to say that Stalin got rid of opponents and some of the bests brains at the time, such as Bukharin, who was a clear opponent of Stalin. In the negative side of Stalin it reflects that he used more violent methods. If we look at the negative side of Lenin, it shows that he did also used terror and fear policies in order to meet their proposals. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Every ingredient of what has become known as Stalinism save one – murdering fellow Communists – he (Stalin) had learned from Lenin, and that includes the two actions for which he is most severely condemned: Collectivisation and mass terror. Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s megalomania†¦ and his other odious personal qualities should not obscure the fact that his ideology and modus operandi were Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. A man of meagre education, he had no other source of ideas.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Leninà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theoretical views on the role of the Communist Party opened the way to Stalinism. The views in question arose out of Marxà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s assumption that between the overthrow of Capitalism by the revolution and the emergence of a socialist society, there would have to be a transitional period characterised by the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dictatorship of the proletariat.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Lenin adapted Marxà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s teaching, and said that during this transitional period, dictatorial power would not be exercised by the proletariat as such but rather by an elite or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vanguardà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ party – the Bolshevik – acting on behalf of the proletariat. Lenin not only preached violence, but as Soviet Russiaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s head of government practised it as well – in its most extreme forms. Colleagues who were squeamish about the use of terror were mocked. Lenin, argues Pipes, set a personal example of cruelty, and thus bears responsability for the culture of brutality which grew up within the Communist ranks. He points out that the machinery of repression used by Stalin in the 1930s – the secret police, concentration camps and so on – had been put into place by Lenin before 1924. He dismisses the claim of Khrushchev and others that circumstances left Lenin with no alternative but to adopt repressive methods, pointing out, among other things, that the Cheka was formed before, not after, the emergence of organised opposition to the Bolsheviks. Lenin, he maintains, created an apparatus of terror not because he was forced to, but because he was a totalitarian dictator who believed that the Communist Party had the right à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½to subject to itself all the organised life without exception.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Generally both of them were more or less the same. Overall Lenin caused a major impact in Russia because he changed from Capitalism to Socialism, which was a very big change. I donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t think that Stalin was the one who impact in a greater proportions Russiaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life because he basically harmed a lot more the image of Russia, and was hated much more than Lenin. So I can conclude this assigment by saying that although Lenin caused the major impact, in my opinion, Stalin did also contribute in leaving the country of Russia in one contry marked by the events and cicumstances this leadership left behind, adding to this the unsolving problems both Lenin and Stalin left behind after they finished with such a big responsability. STALIN:MAN OR MONSTER? 1: Study sources A, B and C. Do these sources give a similar or different impressions of Stalin? Explain your answer. Source A gives the real image of what Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s results had been due to his policies. This source reflects how ambitious and cruel Stalin had reached to be, in order to achieve his proposed aims. Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s main aim was to have control of everyone and everything, no matter how many lives heà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sacrified if the final result was beneficial for him. This source is a clear example of what Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s feelings were after his policies had finished.My impression is that Stalin was proud of what he had achieved, he was a man who didnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t mind what problems he had caused to Russia with his policies. Stalin brought to the Russian people a lot of disaster as aconsequence of his unconsciencious thoughts and his selfishness. This source shows Stalin as evil, cruel and like a murderer proud of what he has done, so therefore a monster. Stalin is shown as an arrogant man really proud of his masterpiece and what he had achieved so far. Stalin killed millions of people and he considers it a wonder compared with the pyramid of Egypt. I also deduce from this source that he had blood thirsty and that heà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s evilness and cruelty didinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t let him see what was really happening in Russia. It also reflects that he doesnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t feel guilty for all those deaths, who in many cases could have been avoided if Stalin had opened his eyes. Evidence which proves this cruelty with what Stalin was characterised, with the purges he intriduced in 1934. I think that Source A as we may see, shows Stalinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s policies of terror. The two methods Stalin used to encourage people to do what he wanted were the force and persuassion. Sources B and and C are what we call false propaganda. 2: Study source D Does this source provide any useful information about Stalin? Explain your answer.